MSPs obtained from plant systems (highest demonstrated accumulation) and microbial routes (demonstrated and maximum theoretical yield scenarios). In the plant systems, three ethanol selling prices are assumed: 1) ethanol produced in the integrated biorefinery is sold at $1.44/LGE, as quantified in the base case model; 2) ethanol is sold at the target fuel selling price of $0.66/LGE ($2.50/gal gasoline equivalent), as set by the U.S. DOE (24); and 3) ethanol selling price is equivalent to the 1940 to 2020 historical average U.S. gasoline rack sales price ($0.40/LGE or $1.53/gal of gasoline) (25). In the microbial system, the demonstrated case is developed based on the state-of-the-art reported yield for these bioproducts, and the theoretical case is built assuming the maximum theoretical yield. Detailed input parameters used for technoeconomic modeling are documented in SI Appendix, Table S1. Numerical results are listed in SI Appendix, Table S2.