Table 2.

Haemodynamic changes and clinical presentations during warm and cold shock

	Haemodynamic changes	Clinical presentations
Warm shock	Vasodilation Reduced systemic vascular resistances Increased Cardiac output	Warm extremities Fever, tachycardia Raised pulsation amplitude Refill time: normal or “flash”
Cold shock	Peripheral vasoconstriction Increased systemic vascular resistances	Cold and marbled ends Weak pulse, decreased pulse amplitude Foot / central peripheral T ° gap Delayed refill time Oliguria