Table 1.
Socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of participants.
| Variables | Bipolar disorder (N = 513) | Schizophrenia (N = 392) | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | SI | SP | SA | Total | SI | SP | SA | |||||||
| No (N = 214) | Yes (N = 299) | No (N = 316) | Yes (N = 197) | No (N = 315) | Yes (N = 198) | No (N = 262) | Yes (N = 130) | No (N = 326) | Yes (N = 66) | No (N = 316) | Yes (N = 76) | |||
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |
| Male gender | 105 (20.5) | 46 (21.5) | 59 (19.7) | 73 (23.1) | 32 (16.2) | 71 (22.5) | 34 (17.2) | 164 (41.8) | 117 (44.7) | 47 (36.2) | 133 (40.8) | 31 (47.0) | 134 (42.4) | 30 (39.5) |
| Urban residents | 404 (78.8) | 167 (78.0) | 237 (79.3) | 251 (79.4) | 153 (77.7) | 250 (79.4) | 154 (77.8) | 225 (57.4) | 157 (59.9) | 68 (52.3) | 191 (58.6) | 34 (51.5) | 180 (57.0) | 45 (59.2) |
| Married | 172 (33.5) | 97 (45.3) | 75 (25.1)*** | 126 (39.9) | 46 (23.4)*** | 123 (39.0) | 49 (24.7)*** | 137 (34.9) | 98 (37.4) | 39 (30.0) | 123 (37.7) | 14 (21.2)* | 118 (37.3) | 19 (25.0)* |
| College and above | 323 (63.0) | 134 (62.6) | 189 (63.2) | 203 (64.2) | 120 (60.9) | 199 (63.2) | 124 (62.6) | 151 (38.5) | 106 (40.5) | 45 (34.6) | 129 (39.6) | 22 (33.3) | 126 (39.9) | 25 (32.9) |
| Living with family members | 417 (81.3) | 185 (86.4) | 232 (77.6)* | 263 (83.2) | 154 (78.2) | 264 (83.8) | 153 (77.3) | 353 (90.1) | 241 (92.0) | 112 (86.2) | 300 (92.0) | 53 (80.3)** | 287 (90.8) | 66 (86.8) |
| Unemployed | 311 (60.6) | 114 (53.3) | 197 (65.9)** | 176 (55.7) | 135 (68.5)** | 173 (54.9) | 138 (69.7)*** | 234 (59.7) | 154 (58.8) | 80 (61.5) | 193 (59.2) | 41 (62.1) | 187 (59.2) | 47 (61.8) |
| Health insurance | 413 (80.5) | 184 (86.0) | 229 (76.6)** | 262 (82.9) | 151 (76.6) | 262 (83.2) | 151 (76.3) | 321 (81.9) | 215 (82.1) | 106 (81.5) | 273 (83.7) | 48 (72.7)* | 261 (82.6) | 60 (78.9) |
| Inpatients | 126 (24.6) | 55 (25.7) | 71 (23.7) | 78 (24.7) | 48 (24.4) | 82 (26.0) | 44 (22.2) | 73 (18.6) | 50 (19.1) | 23 (17.7) | 54 (16.6) | 19 (28.8)* | 58 (18.4) | 15 (19.7) |
| Family history of psychiatric disorders | 96 (18.7) | 39 (18.2) | 57 (19.1) | 55 (17.4) | 41 (20.8) | 55 (17.5) | 41 (20.7) | 50 (12.8) | 30 (11.5) | 20 (15.4) | 40 (12.3) | 10 (15.2) | 28 (12.0) | 12 (15.8) |
| Cyberbullying | 103 (20.1) | 32 (15.0) | 71 (23.7)* | 43 (13.6) | 60 (30.5)*** | 48 (15.2) | 55 (27.8)*** | 95 (24.2) | 50 (19.1) | 45 (34.6)*** | 70 (21.5) | 25 (37.9)** | 79 (25.0) | 16 (21.1) |
| Family members or friends’ SA | 141 (27.5) | 23 (10.7) | 118 (39.5)*** | 48 (15.2) | 93 (47.2)*** | 47 (14.9) | 94 (47.5)*** | 51 (13.0) | 21 (8.0) | 30 (23.1)*** | 28 (8.6) | 23 (34.8)*** | 28 (8.9) | 23 (30.3)*** |
| Family members or friends’ suicide | 70 (13.6) | 24 (11.2) | 46 (15.4) | 33 (10.4) | 37 (18.8)** | 37 (11.7) | 33 (16.7) | 32 (8.2) | 16 (6.1) | 16 (12.3) * | 22 (6.7) | 10 (15.2)* | 22 (7.0) | 10 (13.2) |
| Perceived health status | ||||||||||||||
| Poor/Fair | 375 (73.1) | 138 (64.5) | 237 (79.3) | 216 (68.4) | 159 (80.7) | 214 (67.9) | 161 (81.3) | 286 (73.0) | 181 (69.1) | 105 (80.8) | 233 (71.5) | 53 (80.3) | 224 (70.9) | 62 (81.6) |
| Good | 138 (26.9) | 76 (35.5) | 62 (20.7)*** | 100 (31.6) | 38 (19.3)*** | 101 (32.1) | 37 (18.7)*** | 106 (27.0) | 81 (30.9) | 25 (19.2)*** | 93 (28.5) | 13 (19.7)*** | 92 (29.1) | 14 (18.4)*** |
| Perceived economic status | ||||||||||||||
| Poor/Fair | 455 (88.7) | 185 (86.4) | 270 (90.3) | 275 (87.0) | 180 (91.4) | 275 (87.3) | 180 (90.9) | 371 (94.6) | 248 (94.7) | 123 (94.6) | 309 (94.8) | 62 (93.9) | 300 (94.9) | 71 (93.4) |
| Good | 58 (11.3) | 29 (13.6) | 29 (9.7) | 41 (13.0) | 17 (8.6) | 40 (12.7) | 18 (9.1)* | 21 (5.4) | 14 (5.3) | 7 (5.4) | 17 (5.2) | 4 (6.1)* | 16 (5.1) | 5 (6.6) |
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | |
| Age (years)# | 29.64 (11.58) | 33.49 (11.77) | 26.89 (10.64)*** | 32.02 (11.81) | 25.83 (10.13)*** | 32.06 (11.73) | 25.79 (10.24)*** | 32.42 (11.34) | 33.65 (11.41) | 29.93 (10.82)*** | 33.41 (11.59) | 27.52 (8.48)*** | 33.31 (11.48) | 28.70 (9.99)*** |
| Age of onset (years)# | 24.79 (10.16) | 26.81 (25.00) | 23.27 (9.14)*** | 26.60 (10.81) | 21.89 (8.25)*** | 26.37 (10.91) | 22.28 (8.26)*** | 25.66 (9.41) | 26.29 (9.63) | 24.37 (8.86)* | 26.13 (9.55) | 23.32 (8.42)* | 26.31 (9.38) | 22.93 (9.11)*** |
| Fatigue# | 4.78 (2.89) | 3.50 (2.66) | 5.69 (2.71)*** | 3.96 (2.71) | 6.10 (2.69)*** | 3.88 (2.66) | 6.21 (2.66)*** | 3.69 (2.55) | 3.11 (2.32) | 4.87 (2.61)*** | 3.39 (2.42) | 5.18 (2.68)*** | 3.34 (2.40) | 5.14 (2.67)*** |
| Physical pain# | 2.73 (2.61) | 2.03 (2.39) | 3.23 (2.66)*** | 2.21 (2.35) | 3.57 (2.79)*** | 2.09 (2.25) | 3.76 (2.82)*** | 2.10 (2.31) | 1.64 (2.01) | 3.02 (2.62)*** | 1.79 (2.11) | 3.61 (2.72)*** | 1.81 (2.12) | 3.29 (2.74)*** |
| PHQ-2 total# | 2.38 (2.06) | 1.35 (1.70) | 3.12 (1.97)*** | 1.64 (1.79) | 3.56 (1.90)*** | 1.68 (1.81) | 3.48 (1.93)*** | 1.74 (1.77) | 1.26 (1.56) | 2.71 (1.78)*** | 1.49 (1.63) | 2.97 (1.92)*** | 1.47 (1.64) | 2.87 (1.86)*** |
| Global QOL# | 5.50 (1.88) | 6.26 (1.86) | 4.95 (1.69)*** | 5.92 (1.84) | 4.81 (1.74)*** | 5.90 (1.80) | 4.86 (1.82)*** | 5.75 (1.75) | 6.11 (1.71) | 5.02 (1.61)*** | 5.93 (1.71) | 4.86 (1.71)*** | 5.93 (1.71) | 4.97 (1.74)*** |
SI suicidal ideation, SP suicide plan, SA suicide attempt, M mean, SD standard deviation, PHQ-2 2-item Patient Health Questionnaire, QOL quality of life.
Note: #Mann–Whitney U test; *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001.