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α-Dicarbonyl-derived β-carbolines HME-βC, HET-βC, and βCs 1–3 formed in reactions of l-tryptophan (0.5 mg/mL) with glucose (5 mg/mL) or fructose (4.6 mg/mL) (90 °C, pH 2.8, 20 h) (a, b). Formation of HET-βC in the reaction of l-tryptophan (0.5 mg/mL) and fructose (4.6 mg/mL) at different temperatures (pH 2.8, 2 h) (c) and pHs (130 °C, 2 h) (d).
