Fig. 2.

Preventative application of TGF-β1 ameliorated the severity of demyelination and microglial activation in LPC-modeling mice. A A schematic diagram showing the procedure and position of brain stereotactic injection. B The timeline of LPC-modeling, TGF-β1 application, behavioral tests, and tissues harvest. C Representative images of LFB staining in the corpus callosum among three groups, scale bar = 200 μm. Local enlarged views were presented, scale bar = 30 μm. D Quantitative analysis of LFB score was performed using Mann–Whitney U test. ##P < 0.01 versus Vehicle group. N = 5 per group. E Representative confocal images of Iba1 and CD68 in the corpus callosum among three groups, scale bar = 20 μm. Local enlarged views were presented, scale bar = 10 μm. F Quantitative analysis of the relative area of Iba1⁺cells and the volume of CD68⁺punctures in microglia, respectively. One-way ANOVA was used for statistical analysis followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. **P < 0.01, ****P < 0.0001 versus Sham group; #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01 versus Vehicle group. N = 5 per group