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. 2022 Jul 29;22:241. doi: 10.1186/s12935-022-02660-5

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Interaction of Keap1 and Nrf2. Keap1 (an Nrf2 inhibitor) has three major domains: BTB, IVR, and Kelch. The BTB domain is involved in Keap1 dimerization, CUL3 binding, and ROS sensing by C151 (Cys). The Kelch domain consists of six Kelch repeats, which bind to Nrf2 and P65 proteins. The IVR domain is also a redox-sensing domain (a). Nrf2 has seven domains; Neh2 is the Keap1 binding domain through DLG and ETGE motif interaction. Neh4, 5, 3 domains are critical for transactivation. Moreover, Nrf2, through the Neh3 domain, binds to the ARE region of the chromosome. The Neh6 domain has serine (S) residues in the DSGIS motif. GSK3β phosphorylates this motif and supports recognition by βTrCP, and Neh1 interacts with small MAF proteins (b). Under normal conditions, Nrf2 has been suppressed through binding to the Kelch domain of Keap1, but in the presence of ROS or malignant cells, the release of Nrf2 from Keap1 occurs, and the transfer of Nrf2 to the nucleus alters the pattern of gene expression (c)