Table 3. Prevalence of Self-Reported Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors Among US Adults ≥18 Years, by Vision Status and Age Group, 2018.
| Risk factor | Total prevalence % (95% CI)a |
Prevalence by vision status % (95% CI)a |
PR (95% CI)b | aPR (95% CI)c | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vision impairment | No vision impairment | ||||
| Cardiovascular diseased | |||||
| 18–44 y | 5.4 (4.9–6.1) | 13.4 (10.5–16.9) | 4.7 (4.2–5.3) | 2.85 (2.19–3.72) | 2.53 (1.95–3.28) |
| 45–64 y | 14.1 (13.1–15.1) | 25.2 (22.3–28.3) | 12.0 (11.1–13.0) | 2.10 (1.83–2.41) | 1.78 (1.55–2.05) |
| ≥65 y | 33.8 (32.4–35.3) | 43.4 (40.0–46.7) | 31.7 (30.2–33.3) | 1.37 (1.25–1.49) | 1.38 (1.25–1.53) |
| Risk behaviors | |||||
| Current smokinge | |||||
| 18–44 y | 14.3 (13.4–15.3) | 20.7 (17.5–24.4) | 13.7 (12.8–14.7) | 1.51 (1.27–1.80) | 1.36 (1.14–1.62) |
| 45–64 y | 16.3 (15.2–17.4) | 24.4 (21.6–27.5) | 14.7 (13.7–15.8) | 1.66 (1.45–1.89) | 1.40 (1.22–1.59) |
| ≥65 y | 8.6 (7.8–9.4) | 10.9 (9.0–13.2) | 8.1 (7.3–8.9) | 1.35 (1.09–1.68) | 1.22 (0.97–1.53) |
| Physical inactivityf | |||||
| 18–44 y | 20.3 (19.0–21.7) | 25.5 (21.5–30.0) | 19.8 (18.5–21.2) | 1.29 (1.09–1.53) | 1.10 (0.92–1.31) |
| 45–64 y | 26.5 (25.0–28.0) | 34.8 (31.6–38.2) | 24.9 (23.4–26.5) | 1.40 (1.26–1.55) | 1.15 (1.04–1.28) |
| ≥65 y | 36.9 (35.3–38.6) | 44.2 (40.7–47.8) | 35.3 (33.6–37.1) | 1.25 (1.15–1.37) | 1.16 (1.05–1.28) |
| Excessive alcohol intakeg | |||||
| 18–44 y | 5.4 (4.9–6.0) | 7.1 (5.4–9.4) | 5.3 (4.7–5.8) | 1.35 (1.01–1.81) | 1.45 (1.08–1.94) |
| 45–64 y | 5.7 (5.1–6.3) | 6.5 (5.3–8.1) | 5.5 (4.9–6.2) | 1.19 (0.93–1.51) | 1.29 (1.02–1.65) |
| ≥65 y | 4.3 (3.7–4.9) | 4.1 (3.0–5.7) | 4.3 (3.7–5.0) | 0.97 (0.68–1.38) | 1.02 (0.72–1.46) |
| Health conditions | |||||
| Obesityh | |||||
| 18–44 y | 30.6 (29.3–31.9) | 41.4 (36.8–46.2) | 29.6 (28.2–30.9) | 1.40 (1.24–1.58) | 1.33 (1.19–1.50) |
| 45–64 y | 37.3 (35.9–38.7) | 47.2 (43.8–50.6) | 35.4 (33.9–37.0) | 1.33 (1.23–1.45) | 1.26 (1.16–1.37) |
| ≥65 y | 31.7 (30.3–33.0) | 36.4 (33.2–39.8) | 30.6 (29.1–32.2) | 1.19 (1.07–1.32) | 1.18 (1.05–1.32) |
| Hypertensioni | |||||
| 18–44 y | 12.1 (11.3–13.0) | 22.2 (18.6–26.2) | 11.2 (10.4–12.0) | 1.99 (1.66–2.39) | 1.82 (1.52–2.19) |
| 45–64 y | 39.5 (38.2–40.9) | 50.6 (47.2–54.1) | 37.5 (36.0–38.9) | 1.35 (1.25–1.46) | 1.24 (1.15–1.34) |
| ≥65 y | 63.4 (62.0–64.7) | 70.7 (67.6–73.6) | 61.7 (60.2–63.2) | 1.15 (1.09–1.20) | 1.16 (1.09–1.23) |
| High cholesteroli | |||||
| 18–44 y | 9.7 (9.0–10.5) | 15.2 (12.2–18.9) | 9.2 (8.5–10.0) | 1.66 (1.32–2.09) | 1.60 (1.29–2.00) |
| 45–64 y | 36.9 (35.6–38.2) | 42.9 (39.5–46.5) | 35.8 (34.4–37.2) | 1.20 (1.10–1.31) | 1.16 (1.07–1.27) |
| ≥65 y | 54.6 (53.2–56.0) | 57.9 (54.4–61.3) | 53.9 (52.3–55.4) | 1.07 (1.01–1.15) | 1.10 (1.02–1.19) |
| Diabetesi | |||||
| 18–44 y | 3.2 (2.8–3.7) | 8.7 (6.2–11.9) | 2.7 (2.3–3.1) | 3.19 (2.23–4.54) | 2.71 (1.92–3.82) |
| 45–64 y | 12.5 (11.6–13.6) | 21.7 (18.8–25.0) | 10.8 (9.9–11.8) | 2.01 (1.71–2.35) | 1.66 (1.41–1.94) |
| ≥65 y | 21.7 (20.6–23.0) | 24.7 (21.9–27.7) | 21.1 (19.8–22.5) | 1.17 (1.02–1.34) | 1.11 (0.96–1.28) |
Abbreviations: aPR, adjusted prevalence ratio; CVD, cardiovascular disease; PR, prevalence ratio.
Because of rounding, weighted percentages may not add up to 100%. Sample sizes (unweighted) were n = 8,771 for adults aged 18–44 years, n = 7,670 for adults aged 45–64 years, and n = 6,449 for adults aged ≥65 years.
Separate logistic regression models with STATA’s adjrr command were performed to generate prevalence ratios for CVD and each CVD risk factor, comparing the prevalence among those with vision impairment to the prevalence of those without vision impairment. Each model contained an interaction term between vision impairment and age group to test effect modification by age.
Adjusted for sex, race and ethnicity, education, marital status, employment status, income-to-poverty ratio, and health insurance status.
Self-reported cardiovascular disease ascertained by asking whether respondent has ever been told by a doctor or other health professional that they had any of the following conditions: coronary heart disease, angina/angina pectoris, heart attack/myocardial infarction, stroke, or any kind of heart condition or heart disease.
Current smoker was defined as those who had smoked more than 100 cigarettes in their lifetime and now smoke every day or some days.
Physical inactivity was defined as performing <10 min per week of light, moderate, or vigorous leisure-time physical activities.
Excessive alcohol intake was defined as consuming ≥12 drinks in lifetime and >14 drinks/week in past year (for men) or >7 drinks/week in past year (for women).
Obesity was defined as a body mass index >30. Body mass index was calculated, using self–reported data, as weight (in kilograms) divided by height (in meters) squared.
Health conditions were defined as an affirmative response to the question of whether the respondent had ever been told by a doctor or other health professional that they had 1) hypertension or high blood pressure, 2) high cholesterol, or 3) diabetes or sugar diabetes.