Table 1.
Resume of lithium-associated movement disorder
| MD | PKN | DKN | MCL | DTN | CJLS | AKT | RLS | Tics | CS | Stutter | Others | General data |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cases (%) | 148 (13.45) | 114 (10.36) | 97 (8.81) | 22 (2) | 20 (1.81) | 11 (1) | 10 (0.9) | 6 (0.05) | 5 (0.04) | 3 (0.02) | 664 (60.36) | 1100 (100) |
| Continent (%) | ||||||||||||
| Africa | 0 | 1 (0.87) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 (0.09) |
| Australia | 1 (0.67) | 1 (0.87) | 6 (6.18) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 (0.30) | 10 (0.90) |
| Asia | 6 (4.05) | 17 (14.91) | 10 (10.30) | 11 (50) | 5 (25) | 4 (36.36) | 3 (30) | 0 | 4 (80) | 0 | 7 (1.05) | 67 (6.09) |
| Europe | 40 (27.02) | 26 (22.80) | 44 (45.36) | 4 (18.18) | 13 (65) | 2 (18.18) | 5 (50) | 0 | 1 (20) | 0 | 54 (8.13) | 189 (17.18) |
| N. America | 99 (66.89) | 68 (59.64) | 37 (38.14) | 7 (31.81) | 2 (10) | 5 (45.45) | 2 (20) | 6 (100) | 0 | 3 (100) | 601 (90.51) | 830 (75.45) |
| S. America | 2 (1.35) | 1 (0.87) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 (0.27) |
| Sex (%) | ||||||||||||
| Female | 47 (31.75) | 29 (25.43) | 52 (53.60) | 7 (31.81) | 11 (55) | 3 (27.27) | 3 (30) | 0 | 1 (20) | 1 (33.33) | 154 | |
| Male | 24 (16.21) | 34 (29.82) | 25 (25.77) | 13 (59.09) | 3 (15) | 7 (63.63) | 2 (20) | 6 (100) | 4 (80) | 2 (66.66) | 120 | |
| Unknown | 77 (52.02) | 51 (44.73) | 20 (20.61) | 2 (9.09) | 6 (30) | 1 (9.09) | 5 (50) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 162 | |
| Age (years) | ||||||||||||
| Rg | 34-89 | 16-81 | 20-86 | 3.5-69 | 52-78 | 37-73 | 18-51 | 8-9.6 | 32-56 | 10-86 | 3.5-89 (Md: 54.5) | |
| Mn | 54.58 | 56.50 | 53.06 | 37.37 | 67.71 | 55.7 | 40.75 | 9.33 | 42.6 | 48 | 53.06 (SD: 15.64) | |
| LTM-dose (Mn mg) | 1069.69 | 896.73 | 942.67 | 726.92 | 650 | 900 | 1000 | 300 | 1425 | 1500 | 963.03 (SD: 392.03; Rg: 250-2100; Md: 900) | |
| LTM-level (mEq/L) | 1.27 | 1.23 | 2.21 | 0.95 | 2.32 | 1.00 | 0.9 | 0.85 | 0.66 | 1.31 | 1.53 (SD: 1.08; Rg: 0.1-7.4; Md: 1.1) | |
| MD onset | ||||||||||||
| Range | 1 day-8 years | 2 days-24 years | 1 day-40 years | 1 day-25 years | 6 days-25 years | 3 days-4 years | 9 days-6 weeks | 2 months | 1 week-8 months | 1 month | 1 day-40 years | |
| Mean | 35.43 months | 21.05 months | 3.82 weeks | 1.53 weeks | 6.84 years | 10.83 days | 3.64 weeks | 2 months | 3.56 months | 1 month | 26.34 months (SD: 22.46; Md: 3 months) | |
| MD recovery | ||||||||||||
| Range | 5 days-9 months | 1 day-6 months | 1 day-3 months | 1 day-1 month | 5 days-4 weeks | 1 day-4 weeks | 1 day-2 weeks | 0 | 3 months-8 months | 2 days-2 weeks | 1 days-9 months | |
| Mean | 1.84 months | 1.42 months | 14.85 days | 8 days | 2.68 weeks | 1.43 months | 6 days | 0 | 5.5 months | 8 days | 0.94 months (SD: 0.87; Md: 0.33 months) | |
| Follow-up - % CR (number of reports) | 30 (8/26) | 42 (12/28) | 50 (18/36) | 60 (6/10) | 66 (2/3) | 50 (2/4) | 100 (3/3) | 0 | 0 (0/1) | 0 | 45.94 (51/111) |
In the “Others” subgroup, cases not specified about the movement disorder such as extrapyramidal symptoms. AKT: Akathisia, CJLS: Creutzfeldt–Jakob-like syndrome, CS: Cerebellar syndrome, DKN: Dyskinesia, DTN: Dystonia, MCL: Myoclonus, MD: Movement disorder, Md: Median, Mn: Mean, PKN: Parkinsonism, Rg: Range (minimum–maximum), RLS: Restless legs syndrome, SD: Standard deviation, CR: Complete recovery, LTM: Lithium, NA: Not available/not applicable