TABLE 2.
Mitochondrial changes during normal aging and AMD.
| Mitochondrial changes | References | |
|---|---|---|
| Normal Aging (in general) | Abnormally round shape | Shigenaga et al. (1994) |
| Reduction in mitochondrial number | Yen et al. (1989) | |
| mtDNA mutation, deletion and damage and reduced copy number | Falkenberg et al. (2007) | |
| Lower mitochondrial ATP level | Chistiakov et al. (2014) | |
| Reduced mitochondrial membrane potential | Rottenberg and Hoek, (2017) | |
| Decreased mitophagy | Cavallini et al. (2007) | |
| Increased mitochondrial ROS level | Giorgi et al. (2018) | |
| Impaired balance of mitochondrial fission and fusion balance (In most cases, more fission during aging and more fusion in longevity models) | (Gomes et al., 2011; Rambold et al., 2011) (Jheng et al., 2012) | |
| Decreased mitochondrial biogenesis | ||
| RPE Aging | Round or oval in mitochondrial shape | (He et al., 2010) (Gouras et al., 2016) |
| Disorganized mitochondrial cristae | ||
| Irregular in mitochondrial size | ||
| Sparse mitochondrial distribution in the cytoplasm | ||
| Reduction in mitochondrial number | ||
| mtDNA damage | Wang et al. (2008) | |
| Lower ATP production | (He et al., 2010) (Yako et al., 2021) | |
| Reduced mitochondrial membrane potential | Yako et al. (2021) | |
| Decreased cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration | (Feher et al., 2006; Sridevi Gurubaran et al., 2020) | |
| Increased mitochondrial Ca2+ sequestration | (Karunadharma et al., 2010; Brown et al., 2019a) | |
| Impaired mitochondrial fission and fusion balance | Zhang et al. (2020) | |
| AMD | Abnormal mitochondrial shape and size | (Hanus et al., 2016; Brown et al., 2019b; Tang et al., 2022) |
| Reduction in mitochondrial number | (Feher et al., 2006; Sridevi Gurubaran et al., 2020) | |
| mtDNA damage | (Karunadharma et al., 2010; Brown et al., 2019a) | |
| Impaired mitochondrial fission and fusion balance | Yu et al. (2020) | |
| Lower mitochondrial ATP production | (Arselin et al., 2004; Bornhovd et al., 2006; Nordgaard et al., 2008; Terluk et al., 2015; Ferrington et al., 2017; Golestaneh et al., 2017) | |
| Reduced mitochondrial membrane potential | Yumnamcha et al. (2019) | |
| Lower basal respiration and maximum respiration | (Ferrington et al., 2017; Brown et al., 2019b; Ebeling et al., 2021) | |