Table 1.
Parameters of gravity-driven PFOX removal tests with various membranes (effective membrane area: 11.3 cm2; throughput per run: 50 ml PFOX spiked synthetic groundwater; Δh0 = 0.032 m; ΔP0 = 313 Pa and T = 22 °C).
| Type | Contact angle (degree) |
Permeate flux (Lm−2h−1) |
Operation time (h) |
PFOA removal (%) |
PFOS removal (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Substrate | 47.1 ± 3.5 | 258.6 | 0.17 | 3.1 ± 2.1 | 4.5 ± 2.4 |
| PVDF | 123.4 ± 3.3 | 21.5 | 2.05 | 16.2 ± 3.5 | 37.1 ± 3.1 |
| 25%QA | 115.4 ± 2.1 | 27.8 | 1.55 | 79.5 ± 2.8 | 86.1 ± 3.5 |
| 50%QA | 113.6 ± 1.5 | 32.3 | 1.33 | 97.9 ± 1.4 | 99.1 ± 0.4 |
| 75%QA | 99.8 ± 3.6 | 30.4 | 1.41 | 94.1 ± 3.4 | 97.3 ± 2.4 |