Table 1.
Baseline clinical and anatomical data of the study population.
| Baseline characteristics | Group I | Group II | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 48) | (n = 70) | ||
| Clinical features | |||
| Age (years) | 46.7 ± 1.6 | 44.2 ± 1.5 | 0.277 |
| Sex (male) | 18 (37.5) | 23 (32.9) | |
| Sex (female) | 30 (62.5) | 47 (67.1) | 0.603 |
| Coronary heart disease | 1 (2.1) | 2 (2.9) | 0.739 |
| Hypertension | 3 (6.2) | 4 (5.7) | 0.783 |
| Arrhythmia | |||
| Atrial premature beat | 1 (2.1) | 1 (1.4) | 0.645 |
| Indication for closure | |||
| Cryptogenic stroke | 6 (12.5) | 13 (18.6) | 0.378 |
| Transient ischemic attack | 11 (22.9) | 18 (25.7) | 0.729 |
| Migraine | 24 (50) | 29 (41.4) | 0.358 |
| Transient syncope | 2 (4.2) | 5 (7.1) | 0.783 |
| Preprocedural c-TTE and TEE data | |||
| Positive at rest by c-TTE | 38 (79.2) | 45 (64.3) | 0.082 |
| Large RLS after VM by c-TTE | 48 (100) | 70 (100) | |
| Left PFO height at rest by TEE (mm) | 1.6 ± 0.1 | 1.4 ± 0.1 | 0.06 |
| Left PFO height after VM by TEE (mm) | 3.8 ± 0.2a | 3.5 ± 0.1a | 0.145 |
| PFO tunnel length by TEE (mm) | 9.3 ± 0.3 | 8.5 ± 0.3 | 0.09 |
| ASA presence by TEE | 16 (33.3) | 27 (38.6) | 0.561 |
| HAS presence by TEE | 6 (12.5) | 9 (12.9) | 0.491 |
| PFO-SD and occluder device selection | |||
| PFO-SD by TEE during operation (mm) | 8.3 ± 0.4b | 8.2 ± 0.2b | 0.876 |
| ASD device waist size (mm) | 15.5 ± 0.3 | ||
| PFO device size | |||
| 18/25 | 12 (17.1) | ||
| 30/30 | 37 (52.9) | ||
| 25/35 | 21 (30) | ||
Compared with the left height of PFO by TEE at rest, aP < 0.01; compared with the left height of PFO after VM by TEE, bP < 0.01. ASD: atrial septal defect; c-TTE: contrast transthoracic echocardiography; HAS: hypermobile atrial septum; SD: stretch diameter; PFO: patent foramen ovale; TEE: transesophageal echocardiography; VM: Valsalva maneuver.