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. 2022 Jul 29;13:4403. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-32115-4

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 7 — a The raw local field potential (<500 Hz, black line) and the 4–8 Hz theta filtered band (red) (top). The phase of the theta oscillation (bottom). b Theta band oscillations (red) from four different recording sites and the multi-unit activity (MUA) population averaged firing rate (black) averaged over a 100 ms window. c Zoomed in view of highlighted black rectangle in b. The solid lines indicate the relative phase offsets of theta oscillations across spatial sites of the organoid. Within a narrow time window these oscillations showed consistent phase offsets. d Spatial correlation map of theta oscillations. The correlation coefficient (bubble size) is shown with respect to the seed reference site (1) and the relative phase-lag with respect to the reference electrode shown in grayscale reveals spatial alignment of theta oscillations. e Signal averaged theta oscillations using peaks from electrode (1) as a reference. The numbers 1–4 in c–e, h all refer to the same set of electrodes. f Spatial map of signal averaged theta oscillation phase and amplitude relative to reference electrode number 1. Two time points are shown, one at the center of the reference electrode t₀ and another 60 ms later. g Phase angle spread in radians (blue line) is plotted relative to the burst peak. Individual theta phase traces (gray line) are plotted for electrode 1 relative to population burst events determined from MUA averaged over a 5 ms window. The phase angle spread is minimized after the burst peak (red dotted line). The time of the theta peak amplitude relative to bursts where the angular spread is minimized across multiple electrode sites (inset). h The same theta oscillations from e are signal averaged with respect to population burst peak times (t₀). i Spatial map of signal averaged theta oscillations using population burst peak times reveal a temporal alignment of theta oscillations with neuronal population bursts. f, i share the same scales.