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. 2022 Jul 29;6:54. doi: 10.1038/s41698-022-00290-8

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — a Cytokine expression based on a Luminex array for hydrogel samples of astrocytes and microglia alone (AM) and in combination with GSC lines G2, G34, or G528 in static conditions. The baselines for each glia-only and GSC monoculture condition are subtracted from the respective tri-culture condition to show synergistic as opposed to additive effects. Therefore, the total height of each bar (as opposed to relative height) shows the total cytokine expression for each condition. b Schematic showing what is known about the three cytokines pertaining to glial expression following activation and the known effects on glioma invasion, proliferation, and stemness (counterclockwise from left). c–e Effects of blocking the cytokine receptors CXCR2 (for CXCL1 and CXCL8) and CCR2 (for CCL2) in tri-culture under flow conditions on the outcomes of invasion (c), proliferation (d), and stemness (e). f–h Effects of adding CCL2 to GSC monoculture hydrogels vs. the full cellular TME in static conditions for invasion (f), proliferation (g), and stemness (h). Statistics performed by paired t-tests with *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001.