Fig. 5. Divergence rates (the ratio of nonsynonymous to synonymous substitutions, dN/dS), at three developmental stages; hatchling, juvenile and adult stage.

Boxplots represent the median, lower and upper quartiles, and whiskers the minimum and maximum values (in the limit of 1.5× interquartile range). Adjusted p values of Wilcoxon rank sum tests are summarized above the box plots (***p < 0.001, *p < 0.05). Note that the four male-biased genes at the hatchling stage had no identified ortholog in other Timema species and therefore no associated dN/dS value.