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. 2022 Jul 29;79(8):455. doi: 10.1007/s00018-022-04494-w

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — In vivo transplantation of NPCs with the EPAC2 inhibitor ESI-05. A Experimental design for the in vivo administration of ESI-05 or vehicle (in SCI and SCI + NPCs groups). Experimental groups: SCI, SCI + NPCs, and SCI + NPCs + ESI-05 (n = 3/group). B Determination of cAMP concentrations by ELISA immunoassay of the regions rostral and caudal to the injury epicentre relative to injured non-transplanted (SCI) animals. C cAMP immunostaining (left panel) and quantification (right panel) in the injured region D qPCR analysis of EPAC2 expression in the rostral spinal segment (one-way ANOVA: *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01). E Histological visualization of EPAC2 immunostaining (orange) overlapping with B-III-Tubulin + tracts (green) (left panel). Representative images (middle panel) of EPAC2 staining in rostral white matter areas for each experimental condition and its quantification (right panel) (one-way ANOVA: *p < 0.05)