Fig. 4. True positive detection rates under the “vQTN” scenario.

True positive detection rates for the simulated traits under the “vQTN” scenario settings at a false discovery rate of 0.05 for A Arabidopsis and B maize. On each panel, the results are subdivided into heritability (h²), sample size (N), and targeted minor allele frequency of the QTN (MAF). On each figure, the X-axis depicts the effect size of the vQTN, and Y-axis is the proportion of replications where a true positive is detected at least once. The error bars depict 95% confidence intervals, calculated using the method from Clopper and Pearson (1934). BFT Brown–Forsythe test, DGLM double generalized linear model, MLM unified mixed linear model.