Fig. 2.

High glucose prevents lytic granule secretion by depolarizing lytic granules and the MTOC. a The secretion of perforin, granzyme A/B, and granulysin by NG-Vγ9Vδ2 T cells and HG-Vγ9Vδ2 T cells after coculture with K562 target cells for 6 h (n = 5). b The frequencies of perforin⁺ and granzyme A/B⁺ (GrA/B⁺) Vγ9Vδ2- T cells after coculture with K562 target cells for 4 h (n = 4). c–f NG- and HG-Vγ9Vδ2 T cells were cocultured with K562 target cells at an E/T ratio of 1:1 for 30–60 min and stained with anti-human TCR γ/δ mAbs (c and e green), anti-human perforin mAbs (c and e red), DAPI (c and e, blue), and phalloidin (c white) or α-tubulin (e white). Representative confocal images (c and e) and quantification of the conjugations between Vγ9Vδ2 T cells and target tumor cells (d) and perforin/MTOC polarization in Vγ9Vδ2 T-cell-tumor synapses (f) are shown. The dotted lines indicate cell boundaries in d (n = 8) and f (n = 4). The scale bar represents 10 µm. Quantitative data are shown as the mean ± SEM. Statistical analysis was performed using paired two-tailed Student’s t test. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001; ns, not significant