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. 2022 Jul 29;7:258. doi: 10.1038/s41392-022-01102-y

Table 2.

Representative trials using combination of radiotherapy and immunotherapy

ClinicalTrials.gov identifier Trial Phase Condition or disease Sequence RT IO Results Sponsors Estimated/actual study completion date
NCT02474186

Phase 1

Phase 2

Various Concurrent 35 Gy in 10 fractions GM-CSF Abscopal responses in 27.6% of patients NYU Langone Health July 2015
NCT02125461 Phase 3 NSCLC RT, IO 54 to 66 Gy Durvalumab Durable PFS and sustained OS benefit with durvalumab after chemoradiotherapy AstraZeneca December 30, 2022
NCT02608385 Phase 1 Solid tumors SBRT, IO SBRT dosing varied by site and ranged from 30 to 50 Gy in three to five fractions Pembrolizumab Well tolerated with acceptable toxicity University of Chicago July 2022
NCT02221739

Phase 1

Phase 2

NSCLC Concurrent 6 Gy x5, later changed to 9.5 Gy x3 Ipilimumab Objective responses were observed in 18%, and 31% had disease control NYU Langone Health October 27, 2015
NCT02434081 Phase 2 NSCLC Concurrent 66 Gy in 33 fractions Nivolumab The addition of nivolumab to concurrent CRT is safe and tolerable European Thoracic Oncology Platform March 31, 2020
NCT02492568 Phase 2 NSCLC RT, IO SBRT 3 doses of 8 Gy Pembrolizumab Well tolerated and a doubling of ORR The Netherlands Cancer Institute June 2018
NCT02444741

Phase 1

Phase 2

NSCLC Concurrent Various Pembrolizumab Safe and more beneficial for patients with low PD-L1 expression M.D. Anderson Cancer Center September 17, 2022
NCT02343952 Phase 2 Carcinoma, NSCLC RT, IO 59.4 to 66.6 Gy Pembrolizumab PFS and OS improvement with consolidation pembrolizumab Nasser Hanna, M.D. September 2022
NCT03631784 Phase 2 NSCLC Concurrent 60 Gy in 30 daily fractions Pembrolizumab Promising antitumor activity and manageable safety Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. May 15, 2023
Ongoing or completed clinical trials using combination of radiotherapy and immunotherapy for NSCLC
ClinicalTrials.gov identifier Trial Phase Condition or disease Sequence RT IO Status Sponsors Estimated/Actual study completion date
PD-1 inhibitor
NCT03035890 Not Applicable Metastatic NSCLC Concurrent Hypo-fractionated Radiation Immuno-Therapeutic Agent (Nivolumab/ pembrolizumab/ atezolizumab) Active, not recruiting West Virginia University June 30, 2023
NCT05111197 Phase 3 Locally advanced or metastatic NSCLC IO, RT SBRT Anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 immunotherapy Not yet recruiting Institut Cancerologie de l’Ouest December 2024
NCT03523702 Phase 2 Locally Advanced NSCLC Concurrent Selective personalized radiotherapy Pembrolizumab Recruiting Albert Einstein College of Medicine September 2022
NCT03383302

Phase 1

Phase 2

NSCLC Stage II and Stage I RT, IO SBRT Nivolumab Recruiting Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust January 2022
NCT03825510 Not Applicable Metastatic NSCLC RT, IO SBRT Nivolumab/ pembrolizumab Recruiting Crozer-Keystone Health System August 28, 2021
NCT04577638 Phase 2 NSCLC Stage III Concurrent Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy Nivolumab Recruiting Center Eugene Marquis February 1, 2024
NCT03168464

Phase 1

Phase 2

NSCLC Metastatic Concurrent 6 Gy x 5 fractions Ipilimumab/ nivolumab Recruiting Weill Medical College of Cornell University December 30, 2022
NCT03867175 Phase 3 Stage IV NSCLC Concurrent SBRT Pembrolizumab Recruiting Wake Forest University Health Sciences December 31, 2027
NCT03110978 Phase 2 Stage I-IIA or Recurrent NSCLC Concurrent SBRT Nivolumab Recruiting M.D. Anderson Cancer Center June 30, 2022
NCT03812549 Phase 1 Stage IV NSCLC RT, IO SBRT/LDRT Sintilimab Recruiting Sichuan University December 31, 2022
NCT03313804 Phase 2 NSCLC, Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck IO, RT SBRT Nivolumab/ pembrolizumab/ atezolizumab Recruiting John L. Villano, MD, PhD June 30, 2028
NCT04929041 Phase 2 Phase 3 Stage IV NSCLC Concurrent SBRT Ipilimumab/nivolumab/ pembrolizumab Recruiting National Cancer Institute (NCI) December 31, 2027
NCT03774732 Phase 3 NSCLC Metastatic Concurrent SBRT Pembrolizumab Recruiting UNICANCER September 21, 2024
NCT05229614 Phase 2 NSCLC, Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma, Melanoma, Urothelial Carcinoma IO, RT Carbon ion therapy Pembrolizumab Not yet recruiting CNAO National Center of Oncological Hadrontherapy August 2026
NCT03705806 Stage IV NSCLC IO, RT 30 Gy in 10 fractions PD-1 inhibitor Recruiting University Health Network, Toronto September 15, 2022
NCT03224871 Early Phase 1 Metastatic NSCLC Concurrent Hypo-fractionated Radiotherapy Intralesional IL-2, nivolumab, pembrolizumab Completed University of California, Davis January 10, 2020
NCT05265650

Phase 1

Phase 2

Metastatic NSCLC Concurrent SBRT Nivolumab Not yet recruiting Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Universidad de Navarra June 2024
NCT04513301 Phase 2 Recurrent or IV NSCLC after failure of platinum-based chemotherapy Concurrent 50-60 Gy/25-30 f Sintilimab Recruiting Shanghai Cancer Hospital, China December 1, 2022
NCT05222087 Phase 1 Metastatic NSCLC RT, IO SBRT Pembrolizumab Not yet recruiting Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Australia April 2024
NCT02444741

Phase 1

Phase 2

Stage IV NSCLC Concurrent SBRT Pembrolizumab Active, not recruiting M.D. Anderson Cancer Center September 17, 2022
NCT03217071 Phase 2 Stage I-IIIA NSCLC IO, RT SBRT Pembrolizumab Active, not recruiting Sue Yom February 28, 2022
NCT02492568 Phase 2 Advanced NSCLC RT, IO SBRT 3 doses of 8 Gy Pembrolizumab Completed The Netherlands Cancer Institute June 2018
NCT04892849 Not Applicable HNSCC, NSCLC, Esophageal Cancer, Urothelial Carcinoma, Renal Cell Carcinoma, Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Skin, Small Cell Bronchial Carcinomas IO, RT RT PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor Recruiting University of Erlangen-Nürnberg Medical School December 31, 2027
NCT03223155 Phase 1 Stage IV NSCLC Concurrent or sequential SBRT Ipilimumab/ nivolumab Recruiting University of Chicago December 2024
NCT04013542 Phase 1 Stage II–III NSCLC Concurrent RT Ipilimumab and nivolumab Recruiting M.D. Anderson Cancer Center February 1, 2022
NCT04902040

Phase 1

Phase 2

Advanced Bladder Carcinoma, Advanced NSCLC, Advanced Malignant Solid Neoplasm, Advanced Melanoma, Advanced Merkel Cell Carcinoma, Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma RT, IO RT Atezolizumab, avelumab, durvalumab, nivolumab and pembrolizumab Recruiting M.D. Anderson Cancer Center June 1, 2025
NCT04271384 Phase 2 Stage 1 NSCLC Concurrent SBRT Nivolumab Recruiting Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein June 29, 2023
NCT04291092 Phase 2

NSCLC Stage IV

Brain Metastases

WBRT Camrelizumab Recruiting Zhejiang Cancer Hospital June 30, 2023
NCT04167657 Phase 2 Advanced NSCLC RT, IO RT Sintilimab Recruiting Peking Union Medical College Hospital April 15, 2023
NCT02818920 Phase 2 Stage IB, II or IIIA NSCLC IO, RT RT Pembrolizumab Active, not recruiting Neal Ready March 2026
NCT03589339 Phase 1 Advanced cancers (Metastatic NSCLC) IO, RT SBRT Nivolumab/ pembrolizumab Recruiting Nanobiotix March 30, 2023
NCT04977453

Phase 1

Phase 2

NSCLC, Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma, Renal Cell Carcinoma, Urinary Bladder Cancer, Melanoma, Sarcoma SBRT Pembrolizumab Recruiting GI Innovation, Inc. December 2025
PD-L1 inhibitor
NCT03965468 Phase 2

NSCLC

Stage IV

Oligometastasis

Concurrent SBRT Durvalumab Recruiting European Thoracic Oncology Platform December 2021
NCT03035890 Not Applicable Metastatic NSCLC Concurrent Hypo-fractionated Radiation Immuno-Therapeutic Agent (Nivolumab/ pembrolizumab/ atezolizumab) Active, not recruiting West Virginia University June 30, 2023
NCT05000710 Phase 2 Metastatic or Locally Advanced NSCLC Concurrent 11 fractions of 3 Gy Durvalumab/ tremelimumab Recruiting Sheba Medical Center December 2026
NCT05111197 Phase 3 Locally advanced or metastatic NSCLC IO, RT SBRT Anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 immunotherapy Not yet recruiting Institut Cancerologie de l’Ouest December 2024
NCT04765709 Phase 2 Large volume stage III NSCLC Concurrent RT Durvalumab Not yet recruiting Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research June 2026
NCT04549428 Phase 2 NSCLC Stage IV Concurrent a single fraction of 8 Gy Atezolizumab Recruiting Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland July 31, 2022
NCT04245514 Phase 2 NSCLC Concurrent

20 × 2 Gy (weekdaily, 4 weeks)

5 × 5 Gy (weekdaily, 1 week)

3 × 8 Gy (on alternate days, 1 week)

Durvalumab Recruiting Swiss Group for Clinical Cancer Research March 2025
NCT05267392

Phase 1

Phase 2

Early stage or locally advanced, unresectable NSCLC IO, RT Standard of care RT/RCT Durvalumab Recruiting Instituto Portugues de Oncologia, Francisco Gentil, Porto January 2024
NCT05128630 Phase 2 NSCLC, Stage III Concurrent reduced-dose hypo-fractionated thoracic RT Durvalumab Recruiting IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo November 28, 2025
NCT04989283 Phase 2 Stage IIB Lung Cancer AJCC v8, Stage IIIA Lung Cancer AJCC v8, Superior Sulcus Lung Carcinoma Concurrent External Beam Radiation Therapy Atezolizumab Recruiting National Cancer Institute (NCI) May 10, 2031
NCT03313804 Phase 2 NSCLC, Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck IO, RT SBRT Nivolumab/ pembrolizumab/ atezolizumab Recruiting John L. Villano, MD, PhD June 30, 2028
NCT03275597 Phase 1 NSCLC Stage IV IO, RT SBRT Durvalumab + tremelimumab Active, not recruiting University of Wisconsin, Madison July 2025
NCT04372927 Phase 2 Locally Advanced NSCLC Concurrent Adaptive mediastinal radiation Durvalumab Recruiting University of Washington November 30, 2026
NCT03916419 Phase 2 Stage IIB, IIIA, and Select IIIB and IIIC NSCLC Concurrent MR-Linear Accelerator-Radiation Durvalumab Recruiting Washington University School of Medicine December 31, 2024
NCT04230408 Phase 2 Stage III NSCLC IO, RT, IO 54 to 66 Gy Durvalumab Recruiting Latin American Cooperative Oncology Group May 2024
NCT04992780 Phase 2 NSCLC RT, IO Hypo-Fractionation 62.5 Gy in 25 fractions of 2.5 Gy/fraction; Standard-Fractionation 60 Gy in 30 fractions of 2 Gy/fraction Durvalumab Not yet recruiting University of Kansas Medical Center November 2023
NCT03446547 Phase 2 Stage I NSCLC RT, IO SBRT Durvalumab Recruiting Vastra Gotaland Region July 2023
NCT05034055 Phase 2 Metastatic NSCLC RT, IO SBRT Atezolizumab/tiragolumab Not yet recruiting Yonsei University December 2023
NCT05157542 Phase 1 Stage III NSCLC Concurrent Low dose radiation therapy Durvalumab Recruiting Juan LI, MD June 10, 2023
NCT03391869 Phase 3 Stage IV NSCLC IO, RT Local consolidation therapy Nivolumab and ipilimumab Recruiting M.D. Anderson Cancer Center December 31, 2022
NCT03818776 Early Phase 1 Unresectable NSCLC Concurrent Proton beam therapy RT Durvalumab Recruiting Case Comprehensive Cancer Center November 1, 2023
NCT03801902 Phase 1 Locally advanced NSCLC IO, RT Hypofractionated Radiation Therapy/Fractionated Stereotactic Radiation Therapy Durvalumab Active, not recruiting National Cancer Institute (NCI) January 5, 2023
NCT02463994 Early Phase 1 Metastatic NSCLC RT, IO Hypo-fractionated Image-guided Radiotherapy PD-L1 antibody Completed University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center November 7, 2018
NCT02888743 Phase 2 Metastatic Colorectal or NSCLC IO, RT high dose radiation therapy/low dose radiation therapy Tremelimumab and durvalumab Active, not recruiting National Cancer Institute (NCI) December 31, 2022
NCT04944173 Phase 2 Stage I NSCLC Concurrent SBRT Durvalumab Not yet recruiting University of British Columbia December 2024
NCT04310020 Phase 2 Stage II or III NSCLC IO, RT Hypo-fractionated Radiation Therapy Atezolizumab Recruiting National Cancer Institute (NCI) March 15, 2022
NCT04081688 Phase 1 Refractory NSCLC Stage IV SBRT Atezolizumab/ varlilumab Recruiting Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey June 30, 2023
NCT04889066 Phase 2 Brain metastases NSCLC Concurrent Personalized ultra-fractionated stereotactic adaptive radiotherapy or Fractionated Stereotactic Radiotherapy Durvalumab Not yet recruiting University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center January 2025
NCT04892849 Not Applicable HNSCC, NSCLC, Esophageal Cancer, Urothelial Carcinoma, Renal Cell Carcinoma, Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Skin, Small Cell Bronchial Carcinomas IO, RT RT PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor Recruiting University of Erlangen-Nürnberg Medical School December 31, 2027
NCT04202809 Phase 2 Resectable Stage III NSCLC Concurrent RT Durvalumab Recruiting University Hospital, Essen April 2024
NCT03237377 Phase 2 Stage III Resectable NSCLC Concurrent Thoracic radiation: 45 Gy in 25 fractions Durvalumab or durvalumab plus tremelimumab Active, not recruiting Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins September 2022
NCT04214262 Phase 3 Stage I-IIA NSCLC Induction/Consolidation Atezoli-zumab + SBRT SBRT Atezolizumab Recruiting National Cancer Institute (NCI) May 1, 2028
NCT03871153 Phase 2 Stage III NSCLC Concurrent 45-61.2 Gy/25-30 f Durvalumab Active, not recruiting Greg Durm, MD April 2023
NCT03141359 Phase 2 Locally advanced NSCLC IO, RT IMRT/SBRT Durvalumab Recruiting Atrium Health May 2026
NCT04902040

Phase 1

Phase 2

Advanced Bladder Carcinoma, Advanced NSCLC, Advanced Malignant Solid Neoplasm, Advanced Melanoma, Advanced Merkel Cell Carcinoma, Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma RT, IO RT Atezolizumab, avelumab, durvalumab, nivolumab and pembrolizumab Recruiting M.D. Anderson Cancer Center June 1, 2025
NCT05198830 Phase 2 Stage III Non-Squamous NSCLC RT, IO RT Durvalumab Not yet recruiting National Cancer Institute (NCI) May 1, 2024
NCT04786093 Phase 2 Advanced NSCLC Concurrent SBRT/Personalized Ultra-fractionated Stereotactic Radiotherapy Durvalumab Recruiting University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center May 2027
NCT04364776 Not Applicable Stage III Unresectable NSCLC IO, RT RT Durvalumab Recruiting IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo April 15, 2024
NCT04892953 Phase 2 Stage III NSCLC RT, IO RT Durvalumab Not yet recruiting M.D. Anderson Cancer Center September 30, 2022
NCT02492867 Not Applicable Locally Advanced NSCLC RT, IO Response-driven Adaptive Radiation Therapy Durvalumab Active, not recruiting University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center November 2024
NCT04238169 Phase 2 Stage IV NSCLC Concurrent SBRT Toripalimab Recruiting Xinqiao Hospital of Chongqing December 31, 2023
NCT04597671 Phase 3 Stage III NSCLC Concurrent Low-dose prophylactic cranial irradiation Durvalumab Recruiting Association NVALT Studies December 2032
NCT03337698

Phase 1

Phase 2

Metastatic NSCLC Concurrent RT Atezolizumab Recruiting Hoffmann-La Roche August 1, 2025
NCT04092283 Phase 3 Unresectable Stage III NSCLC IO, RT, IO RT Durvalumab Recruiting National Cancer Institute (NCI) October 31, 2028
NCT05259319 Phase 1 Metastatic NSCLC, Metastatic Bladder Cancer, Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma, Metastatic Head and Neck Cancer Concurrent or sequential SBRT Atezolizumab and tiragolumab Not yet recruiting Centre Georges Francois Leclerc February 28, 2030
NCT03915678 Phase 2 Advanced solid tumors Concurrent SBRT Atezolizumab Recruiting Institut Bergonié March 2025
NCT03509012 Phase 1 Squamous Cell of Head and Neck Carcinoma, NSCLC Concurrent RT Durvalumab/ tremelimumab Active, not recruiting AstraZeneca December 29, 2023
CTLA-4
NCT03168464

Phase 1

Phase 2

NSCLC Metastatic Concurrent 6 Gy x 5 fractions Ipilimumab/ Nivolumab Recruiting Weill Medical College of Cornell University December 30, 2022
NCT04929041 Phase 2 Phase 3 Stage IV NSCLC Concurrent SBRT Ipilimumab/ Nivolumab/ Pembrolizumab Recruiting National Cancer Institute (NCI) December 31, 2027
NCT03275597 Phase 1 NSCLC Stage IV IO, RT SBRT Durvalumab and tremelimumab Active, not recruiting University of Wisconsin, Madison July 2025
NCT03391869 Phase 3 Stage IV NSCLC IO, RT Local consolidation therapy Nivolumab and ipilimumab Recruiting M.D. Anderson Cancer Center December 31, 2022
NCT02888743 Phase 2 Metastatic Colorectal or NSCLC IO, RT high dose radiation therapy/low dose radiation therapy Tremelimumab and durvalumab Active, not recruiting National Cancer Institute (NCI) December 31, 2022
NCT03223155 Phase 1 Stage IV NSCLC Concurrent or sequential SBRT Ipilimumab/Nivolumab Recruiting University of Chicago December 2024
NCT03237377 Phase 2 Stage III Resectable NSCLC Concurrent Thoracic radiation: 45 Gy in 25 fractions Durvalumab or durvalumab plus tremelimumab Active, not recruiting Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins September 2022
NCT04013542 Phase 1 Stage II–III NSCLC Concurrent RT Ipilimumab and nivolumab Recruiting M.D. Anderson Cancer Center February 1, 2022
NCT02221739

Phase 1

Phase 2

Metastatic NSCLC Concurrent IMRT or 3-D CRT Ipilimumab Completed NYU Langone Health October 27, 2015
NCT03509012 Phase 1 Squamous Cell of Head and Neck Carcinoma, NSCLC Concurrent RT Durvalumab/ tremelimumab Active, not recruiting AstraZeneca December 29, 2023
TIGIT inhibitor
NCT05034055 Phase 2 Metastatic NSCLC RT, IO SBRT Atezolizumab/tiragolumab Not yet recruiting Yonsei University December 2023
NCT05259319 Phase 1 Metastatic NSCLC, Metastatic Bladder Cancer, Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma, Metastatic Head and Neck Cancer Concurrent or sequential SBRT Atezolizumab and tiragolumab Not yet recruiting Centre Georges Francois Leclerc February 28, 2030
Cytikines
NCT03705403 Phase 2

NSCLC Stage IV

Metastatic Disease

Concurrent SBRT L19-IL2 Recruiting Maastricht University December 1, 2023
NCT03224871 Early Phase 1 Metastatic NSCLC Concurrent Hypo-fractionated Radiotherapy Intralesional IL-2, nivolumab, pembrolizumab Completed University of California, Davis January 10, 2020
Vaccines
NCT00006470 Phase 2 NSCLC IO, RT RT Monoclonal antibody 11D10 anti-idiotype vaccine or monoclonal antibody 3H1 anti-idiotype vaccine Completed Radiation Therapy Oncology Group December 2004
NCT00828009 Phase 2 Unresectable Stage IIIA and IIIB Non-Squamous NSCLC RT, IO RT Tecemotide Completed ECOG-ACRIN Cancer Research Group May 22, 2019
Others
NCT05269485

Phase 1

Phase 2

Stage III NSCLC High-dose fractionated radiotherapy: 60–68 Gy/15-17f; low-dose fractionated radiotherapy: 48 Gy/15-12f IT Recruiting Anhui Provincial Hospital June 1, 2023
NCT04654520 Not Applicable Stage IV NSCLC Concurrent IMRT IT Not yet recruiting Guizhou Medical University May 31, 2022
NCT04650490 Phase 2 Brain Metastases NSCLC IO, RT or RT, IO SBRT IT Not yet recruiting Duke University March 2025
NCT03827577 Phase 3 Oligometastatic NSCLC RT, IO SBRT IT Recruiting Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona September 2022
NCT02839265 Phase 2 Advanced NSCLC Concurrent SBRT FLT3 Ligand Therapy (CDX-301) Active, not recruiting Albert Einstein College of Medicine October 5, 2022
NCT04491084

Phase 1

Phase 2

Advanced NSCLC Concurrent SBRT FLT3 ligand (CDX-301), anti-CD40 antibody (CDX-1140) Recruiting Albert Einstein College of Medicine August 31, 2023
NCT00879866 Phase 1 NSCLC Stage IIIb With Malignant Pleural Effusion or Stage IV With Disease Control RT, IO 5 ×4 Gy Selectikine (EMD 521873) Completed Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany September 2012
NCT04081688 Phase 1 Refractory NSCLC Stage IV SBRT Atezolizumab/ varlilumab Recruiting Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey June 30, 2023