Table 1. Sample Characteristics During Recruitment Period From September 2018 Through January 2020a.
| Characteristic | Overall | Control | Opioid justification | Clinician comparison | Opioid justification and clinician comparison |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Practices, No. | 48 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 |
| Clinician characteristics | |||||
| Clinicians, No. | 525 | 101 | 132 | 171 | 141 |
| Qualifying patients/clinician, No. (range) | 30 (1-265) | 44 (1-206) | 39 (1-211) | 24 (1-265) | 24 (1-214) |
| Age, mean (range) | 46 (24-71) | 45 (24-68) | 47 (24-68) | 46 (25-71) | 46 (24-70) |
| Sex (n = 374) | |||||
| Female | 195 (52.1) | 35 (48.6) | 44 (49.4) | 52 (51.0) | 64 (57.7) |
| Male | 179 (47.9) | 37 (51.4) | 45 (50.6) | 50 (49.0) | 47 (42.3) |
| Years in practice, mean (range) | 16 (1-58) | 15 (1-45) | 17 (1-58) | 15 (1-43) | 17 (1-42) |
| Clinic h/wk, mean (range) | 33 (4-55) | 35 (12-40) | 34 (4-45) | 31 (4-40) | 33 (7-55) |
| Patient characteristics | |||||
| Patients, No. | 22616 | 5082 | 7004 | 5704 | 4826 |
| Age, mean (SD), y | 48.5 (17.7) | 48.2 (18.0) | 48.8 (17.2) | 47.3 (17.7) | 49.9 (17.8) |
| Sex | |||||
| Female | 9740 (43.1) | 2278 (44.8) | 2919 (41.7) | 2409 (42.2) | 2134 (44.2) |
| Male | 12875 (56.9) | 2804 (55.2) | 4084 (58.3) | 3295 (57.8) | 2692 (55.8) |
| Not specified | 1 (0.0) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Raceb | |||||
| American Indian/Alaska Native | 64 (0.3) | 19 (0.4) | 20 (0.3) | 17 (0.3) | 8 (0.2) |
| Asian | 590 (2.6) | 65 (1.3) | 259 (3.7) | 157 (2.8) | 109 (2.3) |
| Black/African American | 1120 (5.0) | 391 (7.7) | 329 (4.7) | 276 (4.8) | 124 (2.6) |
| Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander | 225 (1.0) | 67 (1.3) | 92 (1.3) | 42 (0.7) | 24 (0.5) |
| White | 18981 (83.9) | 4253 (83.7) | 5568 (79.5) | 4790 (84.0) | 4370 (90.6) |
| Unknown | 1636 (7.2) | 287 (5.6) | 736 (10.5) | 422 (7.4) | 191 (4.0) |
| Ethnicity | |||||
| Hispanic | 1777 (7.9) | 545 (10.7) | 667 (9.5) | 406 (7.1) | 159 (3.3) |
| Non-Hispanic | 19928 (88.1) | 4379 (86.2) | 5960 (85.1) | 5117 (89.7) | 4472 (92.7) |
| Unknown | 911 (4.0) | 158 (3.1) | 377 (5.4) | 181 (3.2) | 195 (4.0) |
| Site | |||||
| University of Pittsburgh Medical Center | 8469 (37.4) | 1912 (37.6) | 3134 (44.8) | 1699 (29.8) | 1724 (35.7) |
| Geisinger | 5948 (26.3) | 1422 (28.0) | 930 (13.3) | 1765 (30.9) | 1831 (37.9) |
| Utah | 8199 (36.3) | 1748 (34.4) | 2940 (42.0) | 2240 (39.3) | 1271 (26.3) |
| Qualifying diagnosesc | |||||
| Arthritis/joint pain (nonspine) | 7602 (33.6) | 1690 (33.3) | 2340 (33.4) | 1920 (33.7) | 1652 (34.2) |
| Spine-related | 6313 (27.9) | 1330 (26.2) | 2165 (30.9) | 1552 (27.2) | 1266 (26.2) |
| Soft tissue (eg, tenosynovitis) | 7096 (31.4) | 1578 (31.0) | 2166 (30.9) | 1784 (31.3) | 1568 (32.5) |
| Musculoskeletal injury | 1808 (8.0) | 537 (10.6) | 345 (4.9) | 510 (8.9) | 416 (8.6) |
| Nonmigraine headache | 1847 (8.2) | 422 (8.3) | 577 (8.2) | 449 (7.9) | 399 (8.3) |
| Other | 240 (1.1) | 56 (1.1) | 64 (0.9) | 66 (1.2) | 54 (1.1) |
a
Data cells are No. (%) unless otherwise specified.
b
Race and ethnicity were extracted from the electronic health record.
c
Column percentages add up to more than 100% as some participants had more than 1 qualifying diagnosis.