. 2022 Jul 29;3(7):e222263. doi: 10.1001/jamahealthforum.2022.2263

Table 2. Intervention Effects on Opioid Prescriptions at Index Visit.

Period	Opioid justification				Clinician comparison
Period	Unadjusted^a	P value	Adjusted^a	P value	Unadjusted^a	P value	Adjusted^a	P value
Intervention period	0.79 (0.68-0.92)	.002	0.74 (0.46-1.18)	.20	0.57 (0.49-0.67)	<.001	0.60 (0.38-0.96)	.03
Before clinician comparison emails	0.82 (0.66-1.01)	.06	0.78 (0.45-1.35)	.37	0.59 (0.47-0.73)	<.001	0.60 (0.34-1.03)	.07
After clinician comparison emails	0.76 (0.61-0.94)	.01	0.70 (0.45-1.11)	.13	0.56 (0.44-0.70)	<.001	0.59 (0.38-0.93)	.02

^{^a}

Adjusted odds ratios estimated from mixed-effects logistic regression models that included fixed effects for practice assignment to the justification intervention, practice assignment to the comparison intervention, practice geography (urban/rural), and study month, as well as random effects for practice and health care system. Reference group: control.