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. 2022 Jul 30;19:52. doi: 10.1186/s12986-022-00687-z

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — Putative mechanisms of lactate as a signal molecule to regulate cognition. ATP, Adenosine triphosphate; BDNF, Brain-derived neurotrophic factor; cAMP, Cyclic adenosine mono-phosphate; CREB, Cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein; ERK, Extracellular regulated protein kinases; Gi, Inhibitory adenylate cyclase G protein; GPR81, G protein-coupled receptor 81; HCAR1, Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 1; NLRP3, NLR family pyrin domain containing 3; NMDAR, N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor; PKA, Protein kinase A; VEGFA, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; VGF, VGF nerve growth factor inducible