Table 3.
PTSD Recovery and Behavioral Health Outcomes (N = 124)
| Outcome Measures | PTSD Recovery (n = 66) | Current PTSD (n = 58) | p | Cohen’s d | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M | SD | M | SD | |||
| Behavioral Health | ||||||
| PHQ-9 Total | 9.76 | 6.15 | 14.53 | 5.50 | <.001 | 0.82 |
| PCL-5 Total | 27.58 | 16.31 | 41.48 | 14.21 | <.001 | 0.91 |
| Worst Month CAPS-5 | 39.50 | 12.54 | 47.83 | 13.62 | <.001 | 0.64 |
| Current Month CAPS-5 | 13.53 | 8.73 | 33.02 | 8.88 | <.001 | 2.21 |
| NSI Total | 21.77 | 16.00 | 30.00 | 11.76 | .002 | 0.59 |
| NSI Affective | 9.47 | 6.75 | 14.02 | 5.20 | <.001 | 0.75 |
| NSI Cognitive | 4.67 | 3.71 | 6.22 | 3.17 | .014 | 0.45 |
| NSI Somatic | 7.48 | 6.47 | 10.79 | 6.54 | .006 | 0.51 |
| PROMIS Pain Interference | 17.61 | 9.19 | 20.91 | 8.45 | .040 | 0.37 |
| PSQI Global | 10.53 | 4.33 | 12.33 | 3.45 | .013 | 0.46 |
| QOLIBRI | 56.34 | 18.92 | 47.69 | 13.38 | .004 | −0.53 |
| Cognition | 16.71 | 6.32 | 14.19 | 5.31 | .019 | −0.43 |
| Self-Esteem/Motivation | 14.94 | 6.55 | 10.62 | 5.09 | <.001 | −0.74 |
| Independence | 17.26 | 6.07 | 15.62 | 4.96 | .106 | −0.30 |
| Social Relationships | 12.89 | 5.53 | 11.67 | 5.96 | .239 | −0.21 |
| Emotional Health | 12.91 | 5.24 | 10.71 | 4.67 | .016 | −0.44 |
| Physical Health | 8.67 | 2.78 | 7.78 | 2.45 | .062 | −0.34 |
| Cognitive Functioning | ||||||
| Semantic Fluency | 48.41 | 9.24 | 51.16 | 8.28 | .087 | 0.31 |
| Phonemic Fluency | 47.02 | 8.96 | 47.26 | 10.24 | .889 | 0.03 |
| TMT-A | 48.91 | 9.66 | 47.60 | 12.41 | .514 | −0.12 |
| TMT-B | 49.78 | 8.48 | 46.83 | 11.80 | .110 | −0.29 |
| WAIS-IV: | ||||||
| Block Design | 49.83 | 8.08 | 50.79 | 10.28 | .562 | 0.10 |
| Similarities | 48.68 | 9.16 | 48.40 | 9.51 | .865 | −0.03 |
| Digit Span | 47.76 | 9.54 | 46.22 | 10.42 | .394 | −0.15 |
| Matrix Reasoning | 50.45 | 9.43 | 50.48 | 11.31 | .988 | 0.00 |
| Vocabulary | 50.47 | 8.78 | 49.21 | 9.15 | .435 | −0.14 |
| Arithmetic | 45.62 | 10.05 | 44.79 | 11.42 | .668 | −0.08 |
| Symbol Search | 51.11 | 9.19 | 49.93 | 10.90 | .516 | −0.12 |
| Visual Puzzles | 50.89 | 10.64 | 53.00 | 10.45 | .270 | 0.20 |
| Information | 48.65 | 10.61 | 50.03 | 9.64 | .451 | 0.14 |
| Coding | 48.86 | 10.43 | 46.34 | 11.13 | .196 | −0.23 |
Note. PTSD = Posttraumatic stress disorder; M = mean; SD = standard deviation;
all differences with p values below .05 remained statistically significant after False Discovery Rate correction at p < .05; PHQ-9 = Patient Health Questionnaire; PCL-5 = PTSD Checklist for DSM-5; CAPS-5 = Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale-5; NSI = Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory; PROMIS = Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System; PSQI = Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; QOLIBRI = Quality of Life After Brain Injury; Semantic Fluency = Animal Naming Test; Phonemic Fluency = Controlled Oral Word Association Test; TMT-A = Trail Making Test A; TMT-B = Trail Making Test B; WAIS-IV = Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, 4th edition. Bold font indicates statistical significance after False Discovery Rate correction for multiple comparisons.