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. 2022 Mar 25;31(8):2046–2056. doi: 10.1007/s00586-022-07169-z

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 7 — Explaining hMFA Use Case 3 component 1. The component 1 at the lumbar segment in hMFA Use Case 3 related to muscle fat fraction was significantly associated with age, BMI and sex (LM: age p = 0.003, BMI p < 0.001, sex p = 0.003; a–b). Age was significantly associated with component 1 at all spinal levels (c), although a significant interaction was observed, indicative that the magnitude of the relationship (slope) was different across spinal levels (LM: Age p < 0.001, Level p < 0.001, Age x Level p < 0.001). Very similar results were found for BMI (e, LM: Age p < 0.001, Level p < 0.001, Age x Level p < 0.001). In the case of sex (d) a main effect of sex was significant, but there were no significant differences across levels nor interaction between sex and levels (LM: Sex p = 0.0049, Level p = 0.99, Age x Level p = 0.11). Component 2 at L4L5 was significantly different between controls and LBP patients (f, LM: p = 0.038)