Table 1:
Characteristics of MESA participants by glycemic categories
| Glycemic categories (N = 6,688) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | Normoglycemia (n = 4,931) |
Prediabetes (n = 921) |
Diabetes (n = 836) |
P-value |
| *Age, years | 61 (10) | 64 (10) | 65 (9) | <0.001 |
| Male, n (%) | 2,204 (45%) | 516 (56%) | 442 (53%) | <0.001 |
| Race/Ethnicity, n (%) | ||||
| White | 2,137 (43%) | 287 (31%) | 150 (18%) | |
| Chinese American | 557 (11%) | 135 (15%) | 103 (12%) | |
| Black | 1,245 (25%) | 268 (29%) | 321 (38%) | <0.001 |
| Hispanic | 992 (20%) | 231 (25%) | 262 (31%) | |
| Education, n (%) | ||||
| ≥ Bachelor’s degree | 1,908 (39%) | 266 (29%) | 190 (23%) | <0.001 |
| < Bachelor’s degree | 3,023 (61%) | 655 (71%) | 646 (77%) | |
| Health insurance, n (%) | ||||
| Yes | 4,501 (91%) | 842 (91%) | 749 (90%) | 0.27 |
| No | 430 (9%) | 79 (9%) | 87 (10%) | |
| †Physical activity, MET-min/wk | 4,208 (2,100–7,650) |
3,690 (1,815–7,095) |
3,244 (1,380–7,343) |
0.001 |
| Current alcohol use, n (%) | 2,886 (59%) | 504 (55%) | 324 (39%) | <0.001 |
| Current smokers, n (%) | 651 (13%) | 113 (12%) | 108 (13%) | 0.85 |
| *Body mass index, kg/m2 | 28 (5) | 30 (6) | 30 (6) | <0.001 |
| Obese, n (%) | 1,339 (27%) | 392 (43%) | 408 (49%) | <0.001 |
| *Fasting plasma glucose, mg/dL | 86 (7) | 108 (7) | 151 (57) | <0.001 |
| *HbA1C, % | 5.4 (0.4) | 5.9 (0.8) | 7.4 (1.7) | <0.001 |
| †HOMA-IR | 1.6 (1.2–2.3) | 3.0 (2.2–3.0) | - | <0.001 |
| †Fasting plasma insulin, mU/L | 7.4 (5.7–10.8) | 11.3 (8.3–15.8) | - | <0.001 |
| *Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 124 (21) | 132 (21) | 133 (22) | <0.001 |
| Anti-hypertensive medications, n (%) | 1,525 (31%) | 426 (46%) | 535 (64%) | <0.001 |
| Use of beta-blockers | 385 (8%) | 112 (12%) | 105 (13%) | <0.001 |
| Use of ACE Inhibitors or ARBs | 532 (11%) | 146 (16%) | 332 (40%) | <0.001 |
| Use of diuretics | 545 (11%) | 168 (18%) | 185 (22%) | <0.001 |
| *Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 195 (35) | 194 (35) | 188 (40) | <0.001 |
| *HDL-cholesterol, mg/dL | 53 (15) | 47 (13) | 46 (13) | <0.001 |
| Lipid-lowering medication, n (%) | 683 (14%) | 173 (19%) | 236 (28%) | <0.001 |
| *eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 78 (15) | 77 (16) | 80 (20) | 0.003 |
Abbreviations: eGFR, Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate; HDL, High Density Lipoprotein; HbA1C, Glycated Hemoglobin; HOMA-IR, Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance; MET-min/wk, Metabolic Equivalent of Task-minute/week; MESA, Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis.
Analysis for fasting plasma insulin and HOMA-IR excluded participants with diabetes (n = 836).
Chi-square test was used to calculate the differences between categorical variables by glycemic categories.
ANOVA was used to calculate the differences between continuous variables by glycemic categories.
Obese = BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2. HbA1C was measured at exam 2.
*
Presented as mean (SD).
†
Presented as median (IQR).