Table 1.
Sociodemographic, substance use, and mental distress variables of overall sample and by trajectory group for No. drug use days outcomes.
| Variables | By drug use trajectory group |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall (n = 8306)a,b | Stable Abstinence (N = 7276, 85.7%)c | Escalating Infrequent Use (N = 508, 7.1%)c | Use Cessation (N = 331, 4.3%)c | Stable Frequent Use (N = 191, 2.9%)c | P-value for group differenced | |
| Baseline Wave Assessmentse | ||||||
| Female sex (vs. Male), N(%) | 4907 (52.4) | 52.4 (51.2–53.6)1 | 47.7 (44.1–51.3)1 | 53.7 (49.7–57.8)1 | 54.9 (49.3–60.6)1 | .09 |
| Race/ethnicity, N(%) | <.001 | |||||
| Hispanic | 1401 (18.3) | 17.3 (16.4–18.2)2 | 23.3 (20.2–26.3)1 | 20.4 (17.1–23.6)1,2 | 27.1 (21.9–32.2)1 | |
| White | 5342 (60.7) | 63.4 (62.3–64.5)1 | 48.4 (44.8–51.9)2,3 | 53.2 (49.1–57.2)2 | 42.9 (37.2–48.5)3 | |
| Black | 660 (12.0) | 10.4 (9.7–11.1)2 | 17.8 (15.1–20.6)1 | 19.8 (16.5–23.0)1 | 19.1 (14.5–23.6)1 | |
| Asian | 427 (5.2) | 5.4 (4.8–5.9)1 | 5.1 (3.5–6.7)1,2 | 4.0 (2.4–5.6)1,2 | 2.8 (0.9–4.6)2 | |
| Otherf | 465 (3.8) | 3.6 (3.1–4.0)2,3 | 5.5 (3.8–7.1)1,2 | 2.6 (1.3–3.9)3 | 8.3 (5.1–11.4)1 | |
| Age, y, N(%) | <.001 | |||||
| 18-39 | 2691 (43.3) | 41.1 (39.9–42.2)3 | 51.2 (47.7–54.8)2 | 49.8 (45.8–53.9)2 | 65.4 (60.0–70.9)1 | |
| 40-50 | 1659 (17.0) | 17.0 (16.1–17.9)1 | 16.7 (14.1–19.4)1 | 17.6 (14.5–20.7)1 | 18.1 (13.7–22.5)1 | |
| 51-64 | 2227 (22.7) | 23.3 (22.3–24.3)1 | 20.6 (17.7–23.5)1,2 | 20.8 (17.5–24.1)1,2 | 14.4 (10.4–18.4)2 | |
| 65+ | 1720 (17.1) | 18.6 (17.8–19.6)1 | 11.4 (9.2–13.7)2,3 | 11.8 (9.2–14.4)2 | 2.0 (0.04–3.7)3 | |
| Received college degree, N(%) | 4600 (45.0) | 48.1 (46.9–49.3)1 | 31.5 (28.2–34.8)2 | 35.6 (31.7–39.5)2 | 20.9 (16.2–25.6)3 | <.001 |
| Below federal poverty level, N(%) | 1325 (19.8) | 16.1 (15.2–17.0)3 | 35.7 (32.2–39.2)2 | 32.6 (28.7–36.5)2 | 46.2 (40.4–52.0)1 | <.001 |
| Working, N(%) | 5084 (62.1) | 62.9 (61.7–64.0)1 | 60.7 (57.2–64.2)1,2 | 56.3 (52.3–60.4)2 | 52.7 (46.5–58.9)3 | .01 |
| Currently married, N(%) | 4511 (53.4) | 56.7 (55.6–57.9)1 | 37.6 (34.1–41.1)3 | 47.1 (43.0–51.1)2 | 25.9 (20.9–31.0)4 | <.001 |
| Household structure, N (%) | <.001 | |||||
| Living alone | 1174 (13.2) | 12.9 (12.1–13.7)1 | 13.7 (10.9–16.4)1 | 17.5 (13.5–21.3)1 | 13.3 (8.9–17.7)1 | |
| Living with partner only | 2036 (22.6) | 23.8 (22.8–24.8)1 | 13.0 (10.3–15.7)2 | 23.0 (18.8–27.4)1 | 8.6 (5.0–12.3)2 | |
| Living with children only | 309 (3.8) | 3.5 (3.1–3.9)2 | 5.1 (3.4–6.9)1,2 | 6.8 (4.2–9.4)1 | 4.7 (2.0–7.4)1,2 | |
| Living with partner and children | 1641 (20.8) | 21.4 (20.4–22.3)1 | 18.8 (15.6–21.8)1 | 18.6 (14.6–22.6)1,2 | 10.7 (6.8–14.8)2 | |
| Otherg | 2938 (39.7) | 38.4 (37.3–39.5)3 | 49.5 (45.5–53.5)2 | 34.2 (29.2–38.9)3 | 62.7 (56.3–68.8)1 | |
| Cannabis use (1+days), N(%) | 961 (12.5) | 6.9 (6.3–7.5)4 | 29.3 (26.0–32.5)2 | 34.9 (31.0–38.8)2 | 60.0 (54.3–65.6)1 | <.001 |
| Alcohol use (1+days), N(%) | 3531 (40.9) | 37.6 (36.4–38.7)3 | 47.5 (43.9–51.1)2 | 62.0 (58.1–66.0)1 | 62.2 (56.6–67.8)1 | <.001 |
| PHQ-2-Anxiety symptoms, N(%)h | 1428 (16.8) | 15.2 (14.4–16.1)3 | 22.7 (19.7–25.7)2 | 22.7 (19.7–25.7)2 | 32.7 (27.3–38.1)1 | <.001 |
| PHQ-2-Depressive symptoms, N(%)h |
938 (11.6) |
9.9 (9.2–10.6)3 |
18.2 (15.4–20.9)2 |
14.4 (11.6–17.2)2 |
32.4 (27.0–37.8)1 |
<.001 |
| Final Wave Assessmentsi | ||||||
| Working, N(%) | 4077 (58.1) | 59.0 (57.7–60.2)1 | 56.9 (53.2–60.7)1 | 58.2 (52.7–63.8)1 | 41.0 (34.2–47.6)2 | .02 |
| Currently married (vs. other), N(%) | 3962 (54.7) | 57.8 (56.6–59.1)1 | 40.2 (36.5–43.8)3 | 48.4 (44.1–52.7)2 | 29.2 (23.4–35.0)4 | <.001 |
| Cannabis use (1+days), N(%) | 766 (11.5) | 6.1 (5.5–6.7)4 | 31.7 (28.1–35.2)2 | 23.7 (19.9–27.4)3 | 65.5 (59.4–71.7)1 | <.001 |
| Alcohol use (1+days), N(%) | 2744 (37.1) | 34.6 (33.3–35.8)3 | 49.5 (45.7–53.4)1 | 41.6 (38.3–44.9)2 | 59.2 (52.8–65.6)1 | <.001 |
| PHQ-2-Anxiety symptoms, N(%)h | 790 (11.1) | 9.8 (9.0–10.5)3 | 15.1 (12.3–17.8)2 | 13.7 (10.6–16.7)2 | 27.1 (21.3–32.8)1 | <.001 |
| PHQ-2-Depressive symptoms, N(%)h | 743 (10.5) | 8.9 (8.2–9.7)3 | 17.3 (14.4–20.2)2 | 12.6 (9.9–15.3)2 | 29.4 (23.5–35.3)1 | <.001 |
dDifferences were calculated by the χ2/df from the overall test of auxiliary model for each covariate. Groups not sharing superscript numerals are significantly different (p < .05) in post-hoc pairwise contrasts for χ2 tests.
Total analysic sample N = 8306. Available data Ns = 7035–8306.
Unweighted N and weighted % are shown for categorical variables.
Membership probability (%) and 95% confidence interval are shown.
Assessed at each respondent's initial survey assessment.
Native American (American Indian/Alaska Native), Native Hawaiian, or Pacific Islander.
Other household structures included multigenerational households, households with roommates, etc.
Sum score was calculated using 2 items (Range = 0–6). Cutoff score ≥3.
Assessed at each respondent's last survey assessment across Dec 9, 2020–Mar 3, 2021 (i.e., last 3 waves).