Table 2.

Average effects of race and ethnicity and calendar period on adverse renal outcomes among hospitalized children with SLE

Fixed effects	Unadjusted	Demographics & severitya	Fully adjustedb	Sensitivity Analysisc
Random effects	None	None	Hospital-level	Hospital-level
	OR [95% CI]
Composite adverse renal outcome (ESRD, dialysis, transplant) at any hospital admission
Race and ethnicity
Non-Hispanic White	(reference)
Asian	1.09 [0.86-1.38]	1.03 [0.80-1.31]	0.95 [0.48-1.89]	0.95 [0.48-1.88]
Black	2.41 [2.10-2.76] ***	2.16 [1.87-2.50] ***	2.50 [1.77-3.52] ***	2.50 [1.75-3.58] ***
Hispanic Other	1.12 [0.93-1.34]	1.17 [0.96-1.43]	1.15 [0.62-2.14]	1.13 [0.59-2.15]
Hispanic White	1.21 [1.02-1.43] *	1.04 [0.87-1.26]	1.16 [0.76-1.76]	1.16 [0.76-1.78]
Non-Hispanic Other	1.10 [0.90-1.36]	1.10 [0.88-1.38]	1.24 [0.73-2.10]	1.23 [0.71-2.13]
Calendar period
2006-2010	(reference)
2011-2015	0.81 [0.73-0.89] ***	0.60 [0.54-0.67] ***	0.60 [0.46-0.79] ***	0.60 [0.46-0.79] ***
2016-2019	0.81 [0.73-0.90] ***	0.51 [0.46-0.58] ***	0.54 [0.42-0.68] ***	0.57 [0.45-0.73] ***
ESRD diagnosis code assigned to any given hospital admission
Race and ethnicity
Non-Hispanic White	(reference)
Asian	0.92 [0.68-1.23]	0.88 [0.64-1.19]	0.82 [0.40-1.69]	0.81 [0.39-1.68]
Black	2.60 [2.22-3.05] ***	2.23 [1.89-2.65] ***	2.61 [1.85-3.68] ***	2.59 [1.81-3.70] ***
Hispanic Other	1.17 [0.94-1.45]	1.18 [0.94-1.50]	1.16 [0.56-2.41]	1.16 [0.55-2.43]
Hispanic White	1.38 [1.13-1.67] ***	1.16 [0.94-1.44]	1.32 [0.84-2.06]	1.32 [0.84-2.08]
Non-Hisp. Other	1.03 [0.79-1.33]	1.03 [0.79-1.35]	1.19 [0.64-2.23]	1.19 [0.63-2.24]
Calendar period
2006-2010	(reference)
2011-2015	0.73 [0.65-0.83] ***	0.56 [0.50-0.64] ***	0.56 [0.39-0.80] **	0.56 [0.39-0.80] **
2016-2019	0.84 [0.75-0.95] **	0.56 [0.49-0.64] ***	0.59 [0.44-0.80] ***	0.64 [0.48-0.86] **
Dialysis procedure code at any given hospital admission
Race and ethnicity
Non-Hispanic White	(reference)
Asian	1.34 [1.02-1.77] *	1.15 [0.86-1.54]	1.07 [0.64-1.80]	1.08 [0.64-1.81]
Black	2.25 [1.90-2.66] ***	2.02 [1.68-2.42] ***	2.33 [1.69-3.21] ***	2.35 [1.68-3.29] ***
Hispanic Other	0.96 [0.76-1.22]	0.99 [0.76-1.28]	1.07 [0.61-1.90]	1.06 [0.60-1.89]
Hispanic White	1.22 [0.99-1.50]	1.06 [0.84-1.34]	1.24 [0.84-1.84]	1.24 [0.82-1.87]
Non-Hisp. Other	1.07 [0.82-1.40]	1.02 [0.77-1.34]	1.15 [0.72-1.85]	1.15 [0.71-1.87]
Calendar period
2006-2010	(reference)
2011-2015	0.67 [0.59-0.75] ***	0.48 [0.42-0.55] ***	0.47 [0.34-0.66] ***	0.47 [0.34-0.66] ***
2016-2019	0.58 [0.51-0.67] ***	0.36 [0.31-0.42] ***	0.37 [0.27-0.51] ***	0.39 [0.28-0.53] ***

Separate unadjusted (N = 20893) and adjusted (N = 20393) mixed effects logistic regression models of the odds of each renal outcome: I) composite adverse renal outcome, II) ESRD diagnosis, or III) dialysis, at any given hospital admission.

^*p<0.05;

^**p<0.01;

^***p<0.001

^a)Adjusted for age, census region, insurance type, median household income, APR-DRG illness severity, and seizure diagnosis. Patient sex, urban hospital, hospital volume, stroke diagnosis, and CAMHD-CS mental health disorder classifications were tested in the models and did not meet criteria for retention.

^b)Adjusted for all variables in a) as fixed effects, and hospital-level clustering as a random effect.

^c)Fully adjusted model with hospital-level random effects in b), excluding patients whose index admission occurred in 2019 (N=20033)