TABLE 2.

Risk of bias for all primary studies with comparison or control groups

Cochrane risk of bias for randomized controlled trials37 (from the systematic review by French and Kennedy25)
	D1	D2	D3	D4	D5	D6	D7
Dawson et al.41	+	?	−	−	+	+	+
Rogers et al.42	+	+	−	−	−	+	−
Carter et al.49	+	?	−	−	−	+	+
Drew et al.50	+	?	−	−	+	+	−
Baranek et al.84	+	+	−	−	+	+	−
Green et al.85	+	+	−	+	+	+	+
Hartford86	+	?	−	−	+	−	−
Kasari et al.87	+	+	−	−	−	−	+
Kasari et al.88	+	?	−	+	−	+	+
Kasari et al.89	+	+	−	+	−	+	+
Landa et al.90	?	?	−	+	+	+	+
Schertz et al.91	?	?	−	−	?	−	−
Shire et al.92	+	+	−	+	+	+	+
Welterlin et al.93	?	?	−	−	+	+	−
Wetherby et al.94	+	?	−	−	+	+	−
Wong and Kwan95	?	?	−	−	?	+	−
Sallows and Graupner101	?	+	−	−	+	+	−
Smith et al.103	+	+	−	−	+	+	−

Judgment		Domains
Low	+	D1: Random sequence generation	D5: Incomplete outcome data
Unclear	?	D2: Allocation concealment	D6: Selective reporting
High	−	D3: Blinding of participants/personnel	D7: Other sources of bias
		D4: Blinding of outcome assessment

ROBINS-I
	D1	D2	D3	D4	D5	D6	D7
Vismara et al.46	S	NI	L	S	L	L	M
Cohen et al.97	S	S	S	NI	M	L	M
Howard et al.98	S	S	L	NI	C	L	M
Lovaas99	S	S	S	NI	NI	L	M
Remington et al.100	S	S	S	S	NI	L	M
Smith et al.102	S	S	S	NI	L	L	M
Hayward et al.105	S	S	S	NI	L	L	M
Zachor et al.106	S	S	S	NI	M	M	M

Judgment		Domains
Low	L	D1: Confounding	D5: Missing data
Moderate	M	D2: Participant selection	D6: Measurement of outcomes
Serious	S	D3: Intervention classification	D7: Selection of results to report
Critical	C	D4: Deviations from the intended interventions
No information	NI

Abbreviation: ROBINS-I, Risk Of Bias in Non-randomized Studies of Interventions.