CARs	chimeric antigen receptors, are engineered receptors, which graft an arbitrary specificity onto an immune effector cell (T cell). Typically, these receptors are used to graft the specificity of a monoclonal antibody onto a T cell, with the transfer of their coding sequence facilitated by retroviral vectors. The receptors are called chimeric because they are composed of parts from different sources. CARs are under investigation as a therapy for cancer, using a technique called adoptive cell transfer. T cells are extracted from a patient and modified so that they express receptors specific to the patient’s particular cancer. CARs are synthetic molecules composed of an extracellular domain, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular signaling domain. The extracellular component is an scFv, which recognizes and binds specific TAAs. The transmembrane domain is typically derived from CD8 molecules, and the intracellular signaling domain consists of CD3ζ and one or two co-stimulatory domains (CD28 and/or 4-1BB).
TCR	T-cell receptor, is a protein complex found on the surface of T cells or T lymphocytes that is responsible for recognizing fragments of antigen as peptides bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. The binding between TCR and antigen peptides is of relatively low affinity and is degenerate: that is, many TCRs recognize the same antigen peptide and many antigen peptides are recognized by the same TCR.
TILs	tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, which include B cells, T cells, and natural killer (NK) cells, form an important component in antitumor immune responses.
DCs	dendritic cells, are any of the various white blood cells that have long projections from the cell body and function in the immune response by taking in and processing antigens and presenting them to T cells in lymph nodes, thus activating the T cells. Immature dendritic cells are found chiefly in the skin and mucosal surfaces.
NK	natural killer cells, are large granular lymphocytes that do not express markers of either T- or B-cell lineage. These cells kill target cells through antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. NK cells can also use perforin to kill cells in the absence of antibody
scFv	single-chain variable fragment, consists of a variable heavy (VH) and a variable light (VL) antibody chains linked with a peptide linker.
GPCRs	Chemokine receptors are a superfamily of G-protein coupled receptors that control immune cell behavior via the promotion of chemotaxis, cell adhesion, and mediator release.
TME	tumor microenvironment, is the environment surrounding a tumor and consists of protean components, such as immune cells, blood or lymphatic vessels, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, pericytes, and extracellular matrix (ECM); the tumor closely interacts with its TME, which contributes to the generation of therapy resistance, metastasis, and immune escape.