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. 2022 Jul 18;12:937481. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.937481

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Copyright © 2022 Sharma, Kumar, Rauf, Chaudhary, Prajapati, Emran, Gonçalves Lima and Conte-Junior

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Mucorales iron metabolism. Iron is required for Mucorale growth. Fungi can obtain iron through permease Ftr1 and Fob1/2 system. Strong iron affinity molecules can obtain iron from the iron chelator, deferoxamine, which is ultimately acquired by fungi for growth. Iron-binding activity of transferrin is impaired in DKA patients: low pH dissociates iron from transferrin and high glucose concentrations can glycosylate transferrin, resulting in the release of free iron. Ketone bodies impair phagocytosis and dampen the immune response in DKA patients. Ftr1: high-affinity iron permease 1 (Fe TRansporter); Fob1/2, ferrioxamine binding (Fob) proteins 1/2; BHB, Beta-Hydroxybutyrate; DKA, Diabetic ketoacidosis.