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. 2022 Jul 18;10:925114. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.925114

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Copyright © 2022 Chen, Wang, Qian and Chen.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Leading causes with positive/negative effects on changes in life expectancy (LE) and health-adjusted life expectancy (HALE) from 1990 to 2019 (level 3).