Table 3.

Cause-specific effects on changes in life expectancy (LE) and health-adjusted life expectancy (HALE) from 1990 to 2019 (years, levels 1–2).

Causes	Level	ΔHALE			ΔLE	ΔLED
		ME	TE	TE	TE
Communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases	A	1.09	0.23	1.32	3.46	2.14
HIV/AIDS and sexually transmitted infections	A.1	−0.05	<0.01	−0.05	−0.03	0.02
Respiratory infections and tuberculosis	A.2	0.78	0.04	0.82	1.86	1.04
Enteric infections	A.3	0.07	<0.01	0.07	0.29	0.21
Neglected tropical diseases and malaria	A.4	0.01	0.10	0.11	0.01	−0.10
Other infectious diseases	A.5	0.17	0.02	0.19	0.45	0.26
Maternal and neonatal disorders	A.6	0.07	−0.09	−0.02	0.76	0.78
Nutritional deficiencies	A.7	0.03	0.16	0.20	0.11	−0.08
Non-communicable diseases	B	6.05	0.23	6.28	5.83	−0.45
Neoplasms	B.1	0.71	−0.04	0.66	0.83	0.17
Cardiovascular diseases	B.2	1.84	−0.08	1.77	1.82	0.06
Chronic respiratory diseases	B.3	2.72	0.11	2.83	2.02	−0.81
Digestive diseases	B.4	0.50	0.05	0.54	0.49	−0.06
Neurological disorders	B.5	0.05	−0.08	−0.03	0.05	0.08
Mental disorders	B.6	<0.01	0.04	0.04	<0.01	−0.04
Substance use disorders	B.7	0.06	0.01	0.07	0.04	−0.02
Diabetes and kidney diseases	B.8	0.08	−0.06	0.02	0.09	0.07
Skin and subcutaneous diseases	B.9	0.01	−0.01	<0.01	0.01	0.01
Sense organ diseases	B.10	<0.01	0.05	0.05	<0.01	−0.05
Musculoskeletal disorders	B.11	<0.01	0.11	0.10	<0.01	−0.11
Other non-communicable diseases	B.12	0.08	0.14	0.22	0.48	0.26
Injuries	C	1.16	−0.05	1.11	1.20	0.09
Transport injuries	C.1	0.21	−0.06	0.15	0.21	0.05
Unintentional injuries	C.2	0.37	−0.01	0.36	0.57	0.21
Self-harm and interpersonal violence	C.3	0.58	0.01	0.59	0.42	−0.17

TE, total effect; ME, mortality effect; DE, disability effect.