Table 1.
Characteristics of probiotic treatment studies included in this meta-analysis.
| References | Intervention/Control | Participants/Country | Subjects (Female/Male) | Age (year) | Weight (kg) | BMI (kg/m2) | Probiotic/Control | Dose | Diabetes duration (year) | Duration | Design | Measure outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Palacios et al. (36) | Probiotics | T2DM/ Australia |
13 | 61.4 ± 8.9 | 100.1 ± 20.4 | 35.5 ± 6.2 | L. plantarum, L. bulgaricus, L. gasseri, B. breve, B. animalis sbsp. lactis, B. bifidum, S. thermophilus, and S. boulardii | 2 capsules | NA | 12 wks | R, PC, DB | FBS/ HbA1c/ Insulin/ HOMA-IR |
| Control | 11 | 56.1 ± 12.3 | 101.7 ± 21.9 | 36.3 ± 7.5 | Placebo | 2 capsules | NA | |||||
| Madempudi et al. (37) | Probiotics | T2DM/ India |
7/30 | 53.60 | 69.20 | 26.43 | L. salivarius UBLS22, L. casei UBLC42, L. plantarum UBLP40, L. acidophilus UBLA34, B. breve UBBr01, and B. coagulans Unique IS2 | 3.0 ×1010 cfu |
NA | 12 wks | R, PC, DB | FBS/ HbA1c/ Insulin/ HOMA-IR/ TC/TG/HDL-C/LDL-C |
| Control | 9/28 | 50.50 | 68.00 | 25.97 | Placebo | 2 capsules | NA | |||||
| Khalili et al. (25) | Probiotics | T2DM/ Iran |
13/7 | 43.95 ± 8.14 | 77.15 ± 13.58 | 29.50 ± 3.34 | Lacidophilus. casei | 108 cfu capsules |
4.00 ± 3.81 | 8 wks | R, PC, DB | FBS/HbA1c/Insulin/ HOMA-IR/ SBP/DBP/ |
| Control | 13/7 | 45.00 ± 5.37 | 83.45 ± 15.84 | 31.94 ± 5.76 | Placebo | capsules | 3.67 ± 4.00 | |||||
| Elham et al. (24) | Probiotics | T2DM/ Iran |
13/17 | 58.60 ± 6.50 | 75.20 ± 15.60 | 27.70 ± 4.20 | Lacidophilus+ L. casei + L. rhamnosus + L. bulgaricus + B. breve + B. longum + Streptococcus thermophilus | 3.9 ×1010 cfu capsules |
6.20 ± 3.10 | 6 wks | R, C, DB | FPG/ Insulin/ HOMA-IR /TC/TG/HDL-C/LDL-C |
| Control | 14/16 | 61.30 ± 5.20 | 74.10 ± 9.20 | 27.20 ± 4.20 | Placebo | capsules | 5.90 ± 2.90 | |||||
| Kobyliak et al. (38) | Probiotics | T2DM/ Ukraine |
NA | 52.23 ± 1.74 | 99.32 ± 3.23 | 34.70 ± 1.29 | Lactobacillus + Lactococcus + Bifidobacterium+ Propionibacterium+ Acetobacter | 10 g/d | SC, DB, PC, P | 8 wks | SC, DB, PC, P | FBS/ HbA1c/ Insulin |
| Control | NA | 57.18 ± 2.06 | 96.95 ± 4.35 | 35.65 ± 1.57 | placebo | |||||||
| Sabico et al. (39) | Probiotics | T2DM/ Saudi Arabia |
20/19 | 48.00 ± 8.30 | 75.60 ± 11.00 | 29.40 ± 5.20 | B.bifdum W23, B. lactis W52, L.acidophilus W37, L.brevis W63, L.casei W56, L.salivarius W24, L. lactis W19 +W58 | 5 ×109 cfu/d sachets |
SC, DB, R, PC | 12 wks | SC, DB, R, PC | Glucose/ Insulin/ HOMA-IR/ TC/TG/ HDL-C/LDL-C/SBP/DBP |
| Control | 18/21 | 46.60 ± 5.90 | 79.50 ± 15.70 | 30.10 ± 5.00 | placebo | sachets | ||||||
| Feizollahzadeh et al. (40) | Probiotics | T2DM/ Iran |
11/9 | 56.9 ± 1.81 | 70.84 ± 2.41 | 26.68 ± 0.71 | soy milk containing L. planetarum A7 | 200 mL/d 2 ×107 cfu | 8.70 ± 2.10 | 8 wks | R, DB, PC | FBS/ TG/HDL-C/LDL-C/ |
| Control | 10/10 | 53.60 ± 1.60 | 71.61 ± 2.55 | 26.58 ± 0.73 | pure soy milk | 200 mL/d | 6.90 ± 4.90 | |||||
| TajabadiEbrahimi et al. (37) | Probiotics | T2DM/ Iran |
NA | 64.20 ± 12.0 | 74.3 ± 13.7 | 32.30 ± 6.00 | L.acidophilus, L. casei, B. bifdum | 2 ×109cfu | NA | 12 wks | R, DB, PC | FPG/Insulin/HOMA-IR/ TC/TG/HDL-C/LDL-C |
| Control | NA | 64.00 ± 11.7 | 74.60 ± 15.1 | 29.60± 4.60 | placebo | capsules | NA | |||||
| Firouzi et al. (41) | Probiotics | T2DM/ Malaysia |
NA | 52.90 ± 9.20 | 74.60 ± 15.1 | 29.20 ± 5.60 | L.acidophilus, L. casei, L.lactis. Bifdobacterium, Actinobacteria, B. bifdum, B.longum and B.infantis. | 1010 cfu 500 mL/d |
NA | 12 wks | R, DB, PC | FBG/ HbA1c/ insulin/ HOMA-IR/ TC/TG/HDL-C/LDL-C/SBP/DBP |
| Control | NA | 54.20 ± 8.30 | 76.60 ± 15.6 | 29.30 ± 5.30 | placebo | 500 mL/d | NA | |||||
| Tonucci et al. (42) | Probiotics | T2DM/ Brazil |
11/12 | 51.83 ± 6.64 | 71.7 ± 12.43 | 27.49 ± 3.97 | probiotic fermented milk (L.acidophilus La-5+B. animalis subsp lactis BB12) | 120 g/d | 6.00 ± 2.00 | 6 wks | DB, R, PC | FPG/HbA1c/ insulin/ HOMA-IR/ TC/TG/HDL-C/LDL-C |
| Control | 8/14 | 50.95 ± 7.20 | 77.15 ± 13.85 | 27.94 ± 4.15 | conventional fermented milk | 120 g/d | 4.50 ± 2.00 | |||||
| Alireza et al. (43) | Probiotics | T2DM/ Iran |
12/18 | NA | 77.46 ± 13.26 | 28.89 ± 4.77 | Fermented milk (kefir) contain L. casei, L.acidophilus and Bifidobacteria |
600 mL/d | 6.47 ± 0.90 | 8 wks | R, DB, PC | Glucose/HbA1C/ TC/TG/HDL-C/LDL-C |
| Control | 14/16 | NA | 74.92 ± 11.48 | 27.47 ± 3.55 | Fermented milk(dough) | 600 mL/d | 7.36 ± 0.84 | |||||
| Mobini et al. (44) | Probiotics | T2DM/ Sweden | 3/11 | 64.00 ± 6.00 | 101.40 ± 18.00 | 32.30 ± 3.40 | L. reuteri DSM 17938 | 1010cfu/d | 14.4 ± 9.60 | 12 wks | R, DB, PC | FPG/HbA1c/ insulin/ TC/TG/HDL-C/LDL-C/SBP/DBP |
| Control | 4/11 | 65.00 ± 5.00 | 93.50 ± 12.10 | 30.70 ± 4.00 | placebo | NA | 18.3 ± 7.30 | |||||
| Asemi et al. (45) | Probiotics | T2DM/ Iran | NA | NA | 77.59 ± 13.65 | 30.15 ± 5.07 | synbiotic food with Lactobacillus sporogenes | 1 ×107 cfu | NA | 6wks | R, DB, PC | FPG / insulin/ HOMA-IR/TC/TG/HDL-C/LDL-C/SBP/DBP |
| Control | NA | NA | 78.28 ± 13.42 | 30.15 ± 5.07 | control food | 9g | NA | |||||
| Hove et al. (46) | Probiotics | T2DM/ Denmark | NA | 58.50 ± 7.70 | 93.20 ± 17.90 | 29.20 ± 3.80 | Milk fermented with L. helveticus | 300 mL | NA | 12 wks | R, DB, P, PC | Glucose/HbA1c/Insulin/HOMA-IR/ TC/TG/HDL-C/LDL-C |
| Control | NA | 60.60 ± 5.20 | 85.20 ± 9.50 | 27.70 ± 3.30 | Artificially acidified milk | 300 mL | NA |