Table 3.
Results of meta-regression analyses with age, BMI, country, and duration of intervention in all indexes (FBS, HbA1c, Insulin, HOMA-IR, TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C, SBP, and DBP) as independent variables.
| n | [95% CI] | Coef. | Std. Err. | R2 | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FBS | ||||||
| Age | ||||||
| Years ≤ 55 | 7 | [−1.829, 0.420] | 0.460 | 1.121 | −12.08% | 0.686 |
| Years > 55 | 8 | |||||
| Baseline BMI | ||||||
| BMI ≥ 30 | 10 | [−0.956, 3.452] | 1.248 | 1.049 | −12.08% | 0.250 |
| BMI <30 | 6 | |||||
| Country | ||||||
| Eastern | 12 | [−4.096, 2.125] | −0.986 | 1.480 | −12.08% | 0.514 |
| Western | 6 | |||||
| Duration of intervention | ||||||
| ≤ 8 wks | 7 | [−1.803, 2.041] | 0.119 | 0.915 | −12.08% | 0.898 |
| 8 < wks ≤ 12 | 6 | |||||
| 12 < wks ≤ 24 | 5 | |||||
| >24 wks | 4 | |||||
| HbA1c | ||||||
| Age | ||||||
| Years ≤ 55 | 6 | [−1.830, 0.421] | −0.704 | 0.528 | 23.79% | 0.202 |
| Years > 55 | 8 | |||||
| Baseline BMI | ||||||
| BMI ≥ 30 | 6 | [−1.531, 0.719] | −0.406 | 0.528 | 23.79% | 0.454 |
| BMI <30 | 8 | |||||
| Country | ||||||
| Eastern | 7 | [−1.511, 1.579] | 0.339 | 0.725 | 23.79% | 0.963 |
| Western | 9 | |||||
| Duration of intervention weeks | ||||||
| ≤ 8 wks | 4 | [−1.570, 0.250] | −0.660 | 0.427 | 23.79% | 0.143 |
| 8 < wks ≤ 12 | 3 | |||||
| 12 < wks ≤ 24 | 7 | |||||
| >24 wks | 4 | |||||
| Insulin | ||||||
| Age | ||||||
| Years ≤ 55 | 5 | [−1.096, 0.781] | −0.157 | 0.383 | −44.68% | 0.696 |
| Years > 55 | 4 | |||||
| Baseline BMI | ||||||
| BMI ≥ 30 | 3 | [−0.485, 1.257] | 0.386 | 0.356 | −44.68% | 0.320 |
| BMI <30 | 5 | |||||
| Country | ||||||
| Eastern | 7 | [−1.301, 1.729] | 0.214 | 0.619 | −44.68% | 0.741 |
| Western | 4 | |||||
| Duration of intervention | ||||||
| ≤ 8 wks | 6 | [−1.513, 1.266] | −0.124 | 0.568 | −44.68% | 0.834 |
| 8 < wks ≤ 12 | 5 | |||||
| 12 < wks ≤ 24 | - | |||||
| >24 wks | - | |||||
| HMOA-IR | ||||||
| Age | ||||||
| Years ≤ 55 | 6 | [−0.376, 0.261] | −0.057 | 0.115 | - | 0.643 |
| Years > 55 | 2 | |||||
| Baseline BMI | ||||||
| BMI ≥ 30 | 1 | [−0.341, 0.350] | 0.004 | 0.124 | - | 0.973 |
| BMI <30 | 5 | |||||
| Country | ||||||
| Eastern | 8 | [−0.435,1.055] | 0.310 | 0.268 | - | 0.313 |
| Western | 2 | |||||
| Duration of intervention | ||||||
| ≤ 8 wks | 4 | [−0.344, 0.593] | 0.125 | 0.169 | - | 0.501 |
| 8 < wks ≤ 12 | 4 | |||||
| 12 < wks ≤ 24 | 1 | |||||
| >24 wks | - | |||||
| TC | ||||||
| Age | ||||||
| Years ≤ 55 | 6 | [−1.833, 1.238] | −0.297 | 0.698 | 3.37% | 0.678 |
| Years > 55 | 5 | |||||
| Baseline BMI | ||||||
| BMI ≥ 30 | 5 | [−1.154, 2.287] | 0.566 | 0.782 | 3.37% | 0.484 |
| BMI <30 | 9 | |||||
| Country | ||||||
| Eastern | 9 | [−2.940, 0.853] | −1.043 | 0.862 | 3.37% | 0.251 |
| Western | 5 | |||||
| Duration of intervention | ||||||
| ≤ 8 wks | 6 | [−1.867, 0.948] | −0.460 | 0.639 | 3.37% | 0.587 |
| 8 < wks ≤ 12 | 4 | |||||
| 12 < wks ≤ 24 | 3 | |||||
| >24 wks | 3 | |||||
| TG | ||||||
| Age | ||||||
| Years ≤ 55 | 6 | [−1.508, 0.908] | −0.299 | 0.554 | −6.67% | 0.599 |
| Years > 55 | 7 | |||||
| Baseline BMI | ||||||
| BMI ≥ 30 | 5 | [−0.929, 1.460] | 0.265 | 0.548 | −6.67% | 0.638 |
| BMI <30 | 9 | |||||
| Country | ||||||
| Eastern | 8 | [−2.217, 0.957] | −0.630 | 0.728 | −6.67% | 0.404 |
| Western | 7 | |||||
| Duration of intervention | ||||||
| ≤ 8 wks | 6 | [−1.376, 0.804] | −0.286 | 0.500 | −6.67% | 0.578 |
| 8 < wks ≤ 12 | 5 | |||||
| 12 < wks ≤ 24 | 2 | |||||
| >24 wks | 4 | |||||
| HDL-C | ||||||
| Age | ||||||
| Years ≤ 55 | 6 | [−0.847, 1.312] | 0.232 | 0.503 | −28.26% | 0.651 |
| Years > 55 | 8 | |||||
| Baseline BMI | ||||||
| BMI ≥ 30 | 6 | [−1.172, 1.041] | −0.066 | 0.516 | −28.26% | 0.900 |
| BMI <30 | 10 | |||||
| Country | ||||||
| Eastern | 9 | [−1.528, 1.117] | −0.206 | 0.616 | −28.26% | 0.744 |
| Western | 8 | |||||
| Duration of intervention | ||||||
| ≤ 8 wks | 6 | [−0.907, 0.961] | 0.027 | 0.436 | −28.26% | 0.952 |
| 8 < wks ≤ 12 | 5 | |||||
| 12 < wks ≤ 24 | 4 | |||||
| >24 wks | 4 | |||||
| LDL-C | ||||||
| Age | ||||||
| Years ≤ 55 | 6 | [−1.368, 1.068] | −0.150 | 0.568 | 7.26% | 0.796 |
| Years > 55 | 8 | |||||
| Baseline BMI | ||||||
| BMI ≥ 30 | 6 | [0.920, 1.568] | 0.324 | 0.580 | 7.26% | 0.585 |
| BMI <30 | 10 | |||||
| Country | ||||||
| Eastern | 9 | [−2.546, 0.442] | −1.051 | 0.697 | 7.26% | 0.153 |
| Western | 8 | |||||
| Duration of intervention | ||||||
| ≤ 8 wks | 6 | [−1.318, 0.786] | −0.266 | 0.490 | 7.26% | 0.596 |
| 8 < wks ≤ 12 | 5 | |||||
| 12 < wks ≤ 24 | 4 | |||||
| >24 wks | 4 | |||||
| SBP | ||||||
| Age | ||||||
| Years ≤ 55 | 3 | [−1.775, 2.962] | 0.593 | 0.968 | −8.81% | 0.563 |
| Years > 55 | 4 | |||||
| Baseline BMI | ||||||
| BMI ≥ 30 | 5 | [−2.306, 3.352] | 0.523 | 1.156 | −8.81% | 0.667 |
| BMI <30 | 4 | |||||
| Country | ||||||
| Eastern | 6 | [−7.621, 2.777] | −2.421 | 2.124 | −8.81% | 0.298 |
| Western | 2 | |||||
| Duration of intervention | ||||||
| ≤ 8 wks | 4 | [−2.539, 3.973] | 0.717 | 1.330 | −8.81% | 0.609 |
| 8 < wks ≤ 12 | 1 | |||||
| 12 < wks ≤ 24 | 2 | |||||
| >24 wks | 4 | |||||
| DBP | ||||||
| Age | ||||||
| Years ≤ 55 | 3 | [−0.551, 1.477] | 0.463 | 0.414 | −18.41% | 0.306 |
| Years > 55 | 4 | |||||
| Baseline BMI | ||||||
| BMI ≥ 30 | 5 | [−1.057, 1.400] | 0.172 | 0.502 | −18.41% | 0.744 |
| BMI <30 | 4 | |||||
| Country | ||||||
| Eastern | 6 | [−3.322, 1.131] | −1.095 | 0.910 | −18.41% | 0.274 |
| Western | 2 | |||||
| Duration of intervention | ||||||
| ≤ 8 wks | 4 | [−0.893, 1.931] | 0.519 | 0.577 | −18.41% | 0.403 |
| 8 < wks ≤ 12 | 1 | |||||
| 12 < wks ≤ 24 | 3 | |||||
| >24 wks | 2 | |||||
CI, confidence interval; Coef, coefficient; Std. Err, standard error; R2, R Square.