TABLE 5.

Comparing the catalytic characteristics of different catalysts described in the text for the production of catalyst 4a ^a .

Entry	Catalyst	Conditions	Time/yield (%)	Reference
1	CaHPO4	H2O/EtOH, 80°C	120 min/91	Bodaghifard et al. (2016)
2	SiO2 NPs	EtOH, rt	25 min/94	Banerjee et al. (2011)
3	Silica-bonded N-propylpiperazine sodium n-propionate	H2O/EtOH, Reflux	25 min/90	Niknam et al. (2013)
4	I2	DMSO, 120°C	3.2 h/92	Bhosale et al. (2007)
5	NH4Al(SO4)2.12H2O	EtOH, 80°C	120 min/92	Mohammadi et al. (2017)
6	NH4H2PO4/Al2O3	EtOH, Reflux	15 min/86	Maleki and Ashrafi, (2014)
7	Fe3O4@SiO2-imid-PMA	H2O, Reflux	20 min/94	Esmaeilpour et al. (2015)
8	Theophylline	H2O/EtOH, rt	10 min/89	Mohamadpour, (2021c)
9	Trichloroisocyanuric acid	EtOH, 80 °C	10 min/90	Rahnamaf et al. (2020)
10	MB +	visible light irradiation, H 2 O, rt	3 min/97	This work

^aBased on the benzaldehyde, malononitrile, and dimedone three-component synthesis.