Table 2.
Patients' clinical presentation, examination, and laboratory and imaging findings according to smoking history.
| Total (n = 14.260) |
Non-smoking group (n = 9.916) |
Smoking group (n = 4.344) |
P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical presentation | ||||
| Fever | 12.008 (84.4) | 8.398 (84.9) | 3.610 (83.2) | 0.009 |
| Cough | 1.0471 (73.5) | 7.262 (73.3) | 3.209 (73.9) | 0.423 |
| Odynophagia | 1.400 (9.9) | 981 (9.9) | 419 (9.7) | 0.667 |
| Dyspnoea | 8.223 (57.8) | 5.615 (56.7) | 2.608 (60.1) | <0.001 |
| Diarrhoea | 3.467 (24.4) | 2.482 (25.1) | 985 (22.7) | 0.003 |
| Nausea | 1.769 (12.5) | 1.324 (13.5) | 445 (10.3) | <0.001 |
| Vomiting | 1.134 (8.0) | 859 (8.7) | 275 (6.3) | <0.001 |
| Abdominal pain | 950 (6.7) | 695 (7.0) | 255 (5.9) | 0.013 |
| Physical examination and laboratory and imaging findings | ||||
| qSOFA ≥ 2 | 1.218 (9.0) | 804 (8.5) | 414 (9.9) | 0.008 |
| Oxygen saturation (pulse oximetry) (<90%) or oxygen therapy | 4.403 (32.9) | 2.897 (31.0) | 1.506 (32.9) | <0.001 |
| Pulmonary infiltrates | 12.348 (87.2) | 8.628 (87.6) | 3.720 (86.2) | 0.017 |
| Total lymphocytes (×106/L) | 940 (690−1.300) | 971 (700−1.300) | 975 (640−1270) | <0.001 |
| Total lymphocytes <800 × 106/L | 5.557 (39.2) | 3.717 (37.7) | 1.840 (42.6) | <0.001 |
| LDH (U/L) | 321 (247−433) | 320 (247−426) | 327 (246−447) | 0.011 |
| LDH > 400 U/L | 3.841 (30.7) | 2.573 (29.7) | 1.268 (33.0) | <0.001 |
| CRP (mg/L) | 61 (20−128) | 59 (20−125) | 65 (21−137) | 0.001 |
| CRP > 60 mg/L | 6.824 (50.0) | 4.650 (49.0) | 2.174 (52.2) | 0.001 |
| Serum ferritin (mcg/L) | 612 (287−1.232) | 583 (279−1.193.5) | 671 (307−1.302) | <0.001 |
| Serum ferritin > 650mcg/L | 2.809 (47.1) | 1.869 (45.5) | 950 (50.6) | <0.001 |
| D-dimer (ng/mL) | 662 (371−1241) | 640 (363−1220) | 700 (400−1.290) | <0.001 |
| D-dimer > 1.000 ng/mL | 3.661 (32.1) | 2.497 (31.3) | 1.164 (33.9) | 0.007 |
Data are expressed as median (25th percentile–75th percentile) for continuous variables and as frequencies (percentages) for categorical variables.
CRP: C-reactive protein; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; qSOFA: quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score.