Table 1.
Demographic, clinical characteristics, and hematological findings of the enrolled patients.
| Total | Moderate disease | Severe disease | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| All patients, n (%) | 245 (100) | 135 (55.1) | 110 (44.9) | |
| Clinical and demographic characteristics | ||||
| Age in years (median-IQR) | 61 (47–70.5) min: 18, max: 91 | 61 (47–69) | 63 (46–73) | 0.477 |
| Sex, n (%) | 0.304 | |||
| Women | 119 (48.6) | 70 (51.9) | 49 (44.5) | |
| Men | 126 (51.4%) | 65 (48.1) | 61 (55.5) | |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | 50 (45.5) | 0.367 | ||
| No | 110 (44.9) | 60 (54.5) | 54 (48.6) | |
| Yes | 111(45.3) | 57 (51.4) | ||
| Missing data | 24 (9.8) | |||
| Diabetes, n (%) | 0.269 | |||
| No | 175 (71.4) | 95 (54.3) | 80 (45.7) | |
| Yes | 46 (18.8) | 22 (47.8) | 24 (52.2) | |
| Cardiovascular disease, n (%) | 64 (47.4) | 0.441 | ||
| No | 135 (55.1) | 71 (52.6) | 40 (45.5) | |
| Yes | 88 (35.9) | 48 (54.5) | ||
| Pulmonary disease, n (%) | 0.428 | |||
| No | 213 (86.9) | 112 (52.6) | 101 (47.4) | |
| Yes | 8 (3.3) | 5 (62.5) | 3 (37.5) | |
| Renal disease, n (%) | 0.356 | |||
| No | 217 (88.6) | 114 (52.5) | 103 (47.5) | |
| Yes | 4 (1.6) | 3 (75) | 1 (25) | |
| Obesity, n (%) | 0.008 | |||
| No | 206 (84.1) | 114 (55.3) | 92 (44.7) | |
| Yes | 15 (6.1) | 3 (20) | 12 (80) | |
| Smoking, n (%) | 0.06 | |||
| No | 212 (86.5) | 115 (54.2) | 97 (45.8) | |
| Yes | 9 (3.7) | 2 (22.2) | 7 (77.8) | |
| Others, n (%) | 0.311 | |||
| No | 212 (86.5) | 111 (52.4) | 101 (47.6) | |
| Yes | 9 (3.7) | 6 (66.7) | 3 (33.3) | |
| Flagging | ||||
| Q-Flag (blasts/abnormal lymph?) | 40 (40–60) | 40(40–70) | 40 (40–50) | 0.553 |
| Q-Flag (left shift?) | 10 (0–20) | 10 (0–10) | 10 (0–20) | 0.004 |
| Q-Flag (atypical lymph?) | 10 (0–30) | 10 (0–30) | 10 (0–30) | 0.811 |
| Q-Flag (RBC agglutination?) | 70 (60–70) | 70 (60–70) | 70 (60–70) | 0.351 |
| Q-Flag (turbidity/HGB interference?) | 90 (90–90) | 90 (80–90) | 90 (90–90) | 0.298 |
| Q-Flag (iron deficiency) | 80 (80–80) | 80 (80–80) | 80 (80–80) | 0.792 |
| Q-Flag (HGB defect) | 80 (80–80) | 80 (80–80) | 80 (80–80) | 0.923 |
| Q-Flag (fragments) | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–0) | 0.780 |
| Q-Flag (PLT clumps) | 10 (00–10) | 10 (0–20) | 5 (0–10) | 0.607 |
| Erythrocyte parameters | ||||
| RBCs (106/µL) | 4.48 (4.10–4.87) | 4.54 (4.18–4.92) | 4.38 (4.02–4.80) | 0.117 |
| HGB (g/dL) | 12.97 ± 1.87 | 13.1 ± 1.9 | 12.9 ± 1.8 | 0.466 (t) |
| HCT (%) | 38.8 (36.05–42) | 39.1 (36.3–42.3) | 38.3 (35.3–41.6) | 0.254 |
| MCV (fL) | 87 (84.10–90.15) | 86.6 (84.3–90.1) | 87.4 (84.0–90.2) | 0.523 |
| MCHT (pg) | 29.50 (28.40–30.55) | 29.6 (28.2–30.3) | 29.5 (28.4–30.8) | 0.466 |
| MCHC (g/dL) | 33.70 (32.90–34.60) | 33.7 (32.8–34.6) | 33.8 (33.1–34.6) | 0.481 |
| RDW-SD (fL) | 41.40 (38.75–44.80) | 41.2 (38.4–44.2) | 41.7 (38.9–45) | 0.369 |
| RDW-CV (%) | 13.10 (12.30–13.80) | 13.1 (12.3–13.8) | 13.1 (12.2–13.9) | 0.658 |
| MicroR (%) | 2.10 (1.30–3.15) | 2.1 (1.3–3.2) | 2.1 (1.4–3.1) | 0.991 |
| MacroR (%) | 3.7 (3.35–4.10) | 3.8 (3.4–4.1) | 3.7 (3.3–4.1) | 0.722 |
| Platelet parameters | ||||
| PLTs (103/µL) | 248 (192–318.5) | 252 (192–326) | 247 (194–310) | 0.865 |
| PDW (fL) | 13.30 (11.80–15.20) | 13.40 (12–15.40) | 12.90 (11.60–14.90) | 0.109 |
| MPV (fL) (n = 239) | 11.08 ± 1.02 | 11.14 ± 1 | 11.02 ± 1.06 | 0.397 |
| P-LCR (%) | 32.78 ± 9.61 | 33.4 ± 9.4 | 32.1 ± 9.9 | 0.303 |
| PCT (%) | 0.28 (0.21–0.34) | 0.28 (0.21–0.35) | 0.27 (0.22–0.33) | 0.677 |
| Leukocyte parameters | ||||
| WBCs (103/µL) | 7.68 (5.72–10.63) | 7.38 (5.57–9.72) | 8.79 (5.84–11.57) | 0.038 |
| Nes (103/µL) | 5.51 (3.73–8.84) | 5.10 (3.64–7.86) | 6.45 (3.96–10.14) | 0.017 |
| LYMs (103/µL) | 1.12 (0.77–1.74) | 1.26 (0.81–1.88) | 0.97 (0.67–1.56) | 0.005 |
| Mos (103/µL) | 0.47 (0.34–0.69) | 0.48 (0.35–0.68) | 0.46 (0.33–0.70) | 0.782 |
| Eos (103/µL) | 0.02 (0–0.07) | 0.03 (0.00–0.09) | 0.02 (0.00–0.05) | 0.089 |
| BASOs (103/µL) | 0.02 (0.01–0.03) | 0.02 (0.01–0.03) | 0.02 (0.01–0.04) | 0.751 |
| IGs (103/µL) | 0.04 (0.02–0.12) | 0.04 (0.02–0.08) | 0.05 (0.02–0.20) | 0.121 |
| HFLC (103/µL) | 0.03 (0.01–0.06) | 0.04 (0.01–0.06) | 0.03 (0.02–0.06) | 0.569 |
| Hemocytometric parameters | ||||
| NE-SSC (Ch) | 152.18 ± 5.36 | 152.5 ± 5.6 | 151.8 ± 5 | 0.302 |
| NE-SFL (Ch) | 49.80 (47.65–52.15) | 49.5 (47.4–51.2) | 50.6 (47.9–53.5) | 0.019 |
| NE-FSC (Ch) | 87.61 ± 4.63 | 87.6 ± 4.6 | 87.6 ± 4.7 | 0.953 |
| LYM-X (Ch) | 82.41 ± 1.79 | 82.5 ± 1.6 | 82.3 ± 2 | 0.380 |
| LYM-Y (Ch) | 70.30 (68–74) | 70.1 (68–73.6) | 71.1 (68–75.7) | 0.242 |
| LYM-Z (Ch) | 60.04 ± 1.53 | 60.1 ± 1.5 | 60 ± 1.5 | 0.882 |
| MO-X (Ch) | 124.20 (122.55–125.85) | 124.5 (122.7–126.1) | 123.8 (122.5–125.1) | 0.128 |
| MO-Y (Ch) | 115.38 ± 9.87 | 114.2 ± 9.3 | 116.8 ± 10.4 | 0.040 |
| MO-Z (Ch) | 64.17 ± 3.23 | 63.7 ± 3.3 | 64.7 ± 3 | 0.019 |
| NE-WX (Ch) | 315 (306–330.50) | 315 (306–329) | 317 (306–332) | 0.740 |
| NE-WY (Ch) | 606 (585–645) | 600 (582–634) | 612 (591–663) | 0.029 |
| NE-WZ (Ch) | 647 (567–809.50) | 680 (566–807) | 615 (570–810) | 0.955 |
| LYM-WX (Ch) | 502 (463–546.50) | 500 (461–546) | 502 (464–547) | 0.424 |
| LYM-WY (Ch) | 876 (791.50–967.50) | 854 (784–941) | 897 (817–988) | 0.025 |
| LYM-WZ (Ch) | 558 (441.50–736) | 602 (441–739) | 506 (442–730) | 0.434 |
| MO-WY (Ch) | 682.94 ± 113.38 | 681 ± 120 | 686 ± 105 | 0.712 |
| MO-WZ (Ch) | 618 (525–815) | 629 (534–820) | 589 (496–811) | 0.126 |
| NLR | 5.06 (2.50–11.39) | 4.248 (2.102–7.923) | 6.24 (2.78–14.30) | 0.003 |
| NMR | 11.58 (7.40–19.06) | 11.27 (6.96–15.48) | 12.23 (7.867–21.32) | 0.134 |
| LMR | 2.29 (1.54–3.79) | 2.50 (1.74–3.86) | 2.19 (1.27–3.22) | 0.024 |
| ELR | 0.019 (0–0.05) | 0.020 (0–0.053) | 0.018 (0–0.047) | 0.255 |
| NBR (n = 233) | 294.67 (188.62–483.50) | 284.56 (168–443) | 331 (193.5–537) | 0.113 |
| PLR | 196.49 (128.54–388.47) | 176.09 (123.03–330.33) | 237.38 (146.89–420.69) | 0.016 |
Quantitative variables are expressed as the median (interquartile range) or mean ± standard deviation. Qualitative variables are expressed as the absolute frequency and percentage.
In the XN-1000, the probability of abnormal findings is indicated by the Q value, which is based on a scale from 0 to 300 with increments of 10 arbitrary units. In our laboratory, the cut-off for flagging was set at 100. These bold values mean that the result is significant (< 0.05).
IQR, interquartile range; min, minimum; max, maximum; RBCs, red blood cells; HGB, hemoglobin; HCT, hematocrit; MCV, mean corpuscular volume; MCHT, mean corpuscular hemoglobin content; MCHC, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration; RDW-SD, red cell distribution width-standard deviation; RDW-CV, red cell distribution width-coefficient of variation; MicroR, microcytic red cells; MacroR, macrocytic red cells; PLT, platelets; PDW, platelet distribution width; MPV, mean platelet volume; P-LCR, platelet larger cell ratio; PCT, plateletcrit; WBCs, white blood cells; Nes, neutrophils; LYMs, lymphocytes; Mos, monocytes; Eos, eosinophiles; BASOs, basophils; IG, immature granulocytes; HFLC, high fluorescence lymphocyte count; NE-SSC, neutrophil side scatter; NE-SFL, neutrophil side fluorescence; NE-FSC, neutrophil forward scatter; LYM-X, lymphocytes on the x-axis; LYM-Y, lymphocytes on the y-axis ; LYM-Z, lymphocytes on the z-axis; MO-X, monocytes on the x-axis; MO-Y, monocytes on the y-axis; MO-Z, monocytes on the z-axis; NE-WX, neutrophil width on the x-axis; NE-WY, neutrophil width on the y-axis; NE-WZ, neutrophil width on z-axis; LYM-WX, lymphocyte width on the x-axis; LYM-WY, lymphocyte width on the y-axis; LYM-WZ, lymphocyte width on the z-axis; MO-WY, monocyte width on the y-axis; MO-WZ, monocyte width on the z-axis; NLR, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; NMR, neutrophil-to-monocyte ratio; LMR, lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio; ELR, eosinophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; NBR, neutrophil-to-basophil ratio; PLR, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio.