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. 2022 Jul 18;13:956244. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2022.956244

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Copyright © 2022 Liu, Zeng, Liu, Wu and Song.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The construction procedure of ASC and PSC-derived liver organoids. The process of constructing liver organoids is divided into ASC and PSC origin. ASC are mainly derived from biopsy of adult tissues to obtain healthy or tumor tissues. Hepatocytes or bile duct tissues obtained from biopsies were inoculated in isolation medium, and subsequently hepatocyte organoids and cholangiocyte organoids were constructed using defined differentiation media. PSCs can be obtained by reprogramming fibroblasts in vivo, in addition to inner cell mass, which are capable to form hepatic progenitor cells by co-culture and special signal-mediated differentiation towards endoderm, and eventually obtain hepatocyte organoids and cholangiocyte organoids. HUVECs, vein endothelial cells; MSCs, mesenchymal stem cells.