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. 2022 Jul 1;41(15):e110218. doi: 10.15252/embj.2021110218

Figure 3. CRIP1 downregulates carnitine to facilitate stemness in HCC.

Figure 3

  • A
    Lipidomics analysis of CRIP1‐overexpressing Huh7 cells.
  • B
    Carnitine levels in CRIP1‐overexpressing Huh7 and Hep3B cells.
  • C
    Carnitine levels in CRIP1 knockdown MHCC‐97H and HepG2 cells.
  • D
    Carnitine levels in CRIP1 knockdown MHCC‐97H and HepG2 cells with or without 5 mM mildronate for 24 h.
  • E
    Sphere formation ability in the indicated groups.
  • F
    Flow cytometric analysis revealed the proportions of CD133+ cells in the indicated groups.
  • G
    Western blot analysis of cancer stem cell markers in the indicated groups.
  • H, I
    In vivo bioluminescent images (H) and bright‐field images (I) of xenografts in mice with the indicated Hep3B cells. Carnitine was added to drinking water to a final concentration of 4.0 mg/ml.
  • J, K
    The growth curve of tumors (J) and quantification of tumor weight (K) are presented (n = 4).
  • L
    IHC analysis of CRIP1 and HCC cancer stem cell markers. Scale bar: 20 μm.

Data information: Data represent the mean ± SD at least three independent experiments. **P < 0.01 and ***P < 0.001. Differences were tested using an unpaired two‐tailed Student's t‐test (B–F, J, K).