Table 1. Components of the TOAST classification for ischemic stroke causation.

TOAST ischemic stroke subtype
Atherothromboembolic
•   Extracranial
•   Intracranial
Cardioembolic
•   Higher-risk (examples below)
◦   Atrial cardiopathy — atrial fibrillation
◦   Mitral stenosis with atrial fibrillation
◦   Mechanical prosthetic valves
◦   Severe left ventricular dysfunction
◦   Infective endocarditis
◦   Myxoma
•   Lower risk (examples below)
◦   Mitral valve prolapse and annulus calcification
◦   Papillary fibroelastoma
◦   Lambl’s excrescences
Lacunar infarction (i.e., hypertensive arteriolopathy)
Other determined etiology (examples below)
•   Non-atherosclerotic arteriopathies
•   Neurovascular blunt trauma — dissection
•   Paradoxical brain embolism
•   Thrombophilias — congenital and acquired
Unknown etiology
•   Type I: Incompletely evaluated
•   Type II: Two or more potential causes (“double jeopardy”)
•   Type III: Negative complete evaluation

We have made minimal stylistic modifications to the originally published classification for the sake of practical utilization. TOAST, Trial of ORG-10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment.