Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of the eligible, included and excluded participants and, among participants, pre-vaccine versus the post-vaccine introduction period comparisons
| Characteristic | All eligible (n = 1250) n (%) |
Included (n = 718) n (%) |
Excluded* (n = 532) n (%) |
Included vs Excluded p-value |
Pre-vaccine (n = 241) n (%) |
Post-vaccine (n = 477) n (%) |
Pre- vs Post-Vaccine p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex (Male) | 697 (55.8) | 402 (56.0) | 295 (55.5) | 0.0850 | 139 (57.7) | 263 (55.1) | 0.517 |
| Median age (IQR) in months | 13.8 (8.2–24.6) | 13.3 (8.0–23.0) | 14.3 (8.5–26.6) | 0.081 | 11.5 (6.8–21.5) | 14.1 (8.5–24.2) | 0.004 |
| Age category (in months) | 0.115 | 0.050 | |||||
| 0–11 | 528 (42.2) | 323 (45.0) | 205 (38.5) | 126 (52.3) | 197 (41.3) | ||
| 12–23 | 402 (32.2) | 224 (31.2) | 178 (33.5) | 65 (27.0) | 159 (33.3) | ||
| 24–59 | 203 (16.2) | 106 (14.8) | 97 (18.2) | 31 (12.9) | 75 (15.7) | ||
| > 60 | 117 (9.4) | 65 (9.1) | 52 (9.8) | 19 (7.9) | 46 (9.6) | ||
| Admission year | < 0.001 | ||||||
| Year 2013 | 351 (28.1) | 241 (33.6) | 110 (20.7) | 241 (100.0) | - | NA | |
| Year 2016 | 348 (27.8) | 245 (34.1) | 103 (19.4) | - | 252 (51.4) | ||
| Year 2017 | 196 (15.7) | 61 (8.5) | 135 (25.4) | - | 641(12.8) | ||
| Year 2018 | 355 (28.4) | 171 (23.8) | 184 (34.6) | - | 171 (35.9) | ||
| HIV status | 0.049 | < 0.001 | |||||
| Negative | 994 (79.5) | 565 (78.7) | 429 (80.6) | 171 (71.0) | 394 (82.6) | ||
| Infected/exposed | 78 (6.24) | 55 (7.7) | 23 (4.3) | 14 (5.8) | 41 (8.6) | ||
| Unknown | 178 (14.2) | 98 (13.7) | 80 (15.0) | 56 (23.2) | 42 (8.8) | ||
| Diarrhea history at admission | 0.497 | 0.371 | |||||
| Acute | 1130 (90.4) | 657 (91.5) | 473 (88.9) | 222 (92.1) | 435 (91.2) | ||
| Prolonged | 79 (6.3) | 40 (5.6) | 39 (7.3) | 10 (4.2) | 30 (6.3) | ||
| Persistent | 10 (0.8) | 5 (0.7) | 5 (0.9) | 3 (1.2) | 2 (0.4) | ||
| Chronic | 31 (2.5) | 16 (2.2) | 16 (2.2) | 6 (2.5) | 10 (2.1) | ||
| Bloody diarrhea (n = 1245) | 75 (6.0) | 42 (5.9) | 33 (6.2) | 0.796 | 17 (7.1) | 25 (5.3) | 0.328 |
| Vomiting at admission | 817 (65.4) | 498 (69.4) | 319 (60.0) | 0.001 | 171 (71.0) | 327(68.6) | 0.510 |
| Hospital length of stay | |||||||
| Mean (SD#) | 5.2 (5.0) | 5.8 (5.4) | 4.3 (4.3) | < 0.001 | 5.5 (5.5) | 5.9 (5.3) | 0.317 |
| Median (IQR) | 4 (2–6) | 4 (3–7) | 3 (1–6) | < 0.001 | 4 (2–7) | 5 (3–7) | 0.005 |
| Vesikari Clinical Severity Score | |||||||
| Mean (SD#) | 11.4 (2.3) | 11.5 (2.3) | 11.3 (2.3) | 0.183 | 11.7 (2.5) | 11.4 (2.1) | 0.062 |
| Median (IQR) | 11 (10–13) | 11 (10–13) | 11 (10–13) | 0.182 | 11 (10–13) | 11 (10–13) | 0.289 |
| Died before discharge | 145 (11.6) | 39 (5.4) | 106 (19.9) | < 0.001 | 8 (3.2) | 31 (6.5) | 0.076 |
* Due to insufficient stool sample provision; the bold emphasis of some of the p -values indicate those statistically significant