Table 1.

Summary of biomarkers for myocarditis

Biomarker	Sample	Type of biomarker	Metrics/findings	Diagnosis vs. prognosis vs. mechanistic
Hsa-miR-Chr8:96/mmu-miR-721	5 cohorts Total: 321 patients	MicroRNA	AUC = 0.927	Diagnostic
miR-4763-3p	20 patients	MicroRNA	AUC = 0.85	Diagnostic
miR-208b	8 patients	MicroRNA		Prognostic
Heparin binding protein	435 HBP genes	Protein	Aggregation coefficient for HBP interaction network in myocarditis = 0.631	Mechanistic
Immunoglobulin free light chain	111 patients	Protein	AUC = 0.87	Diagnostic
Serum alarmin S100A8/S100A9	227 patients	Protein	Sensitivity = 90.6% Specificity = 92% PPV = 93.5 NPV = 88.5 AUC = 0.949	Diagnostic
LAP( +) Treg	15 mice	Immune cell		Diagnostic
Galectin-3	115 patients	Lectin	Correlation between Galectin-3 expression and inflammatory cell count r = 0.56 and − 0.59 in DCM and inflammatory cardiomyopathy respectively Correlation between Galectin and cardiac fibrosis: r = 0.63 in DCM	Diagnostic, prognostic
Soluble VCAM-1		Protein	Significant increase in expression in EAM model, but not correlated with infiltration of leukocytes	Diagnostic, mechanistic
Gelsolin	61 patients	Protein	Significantly lower in children with acute rheumatic carditis p = 0.039. Correlation between gelsolin levels and grade of mitral regurgitation (p = 0.03), LVED diameter (p = 0.017), and LVES diameter (p = 0.028)	Diagnostic, prognostic
Procollagen type III	39 patients	Protein	Positive correlation with LV dilation, LVED diameter index (p < 0.0001), and LVED diameter z-score (p = 0.0003). Negative correlation with shortening fraction changes over time (p = 0.001)	Diagnostic, prognostic
High-sensitivity cardiac Troponin I	Study 1: 214 patients on ICIs Study 2: 83 patients with fulminant myocarditis in the hospital	Protein	Study 1: PPV = 12.5% for threshold of 55 ng/L NNT = 72 Study 2: Absolute and relative changes within 24 and 48 h were predictive of mortality since survivors had a significant decline in levels p = 0.003	Diagnostic, prognostic