Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study participants
(Mean values and standard deviations; numbers and percentages)
| Quartile of the Japanese Food Guide Spinning Top score | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total (n 7984) | Q1 (n 1996) | Q2 (n 1996) | Q3 (n 1996) | Q4 (n 1996) | |||||||
| n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | P | |
| Age (years)* | |||||||||||
| Mean | 73·5 | 73·7 | 73·4 | 73·2 | 73·6 | 0·037 | |||||
| sd | 6·2 | 6·2 | 6·3 | 6·1 | 6·0 | ||||||
| Women† | 4234 | 53·0 | 639 | 32·0 | 991 | 49·7 | 1184 | 59·3 | 1420 | 71·1 | < 0·001 |
| PD ≥ 1000 people/km2 † | 3655 | 45·8 | 839 | 42·0 | 883 | 44·2 | 921 | 46·1 | 1012 | 50·7 | < 0·001 |
| BMI (kg/m2)* | |||||||||||
| Mean | 22·6 | 22·8 | 22·7 | 22·6 | 22·3 | < 0·001 | |||||
| sd | 3·0 | 3·1 | 3·1 | 3·0 | 2·9 | ||||||
| Alcohol drinker† | 5200 | 65·1 | 1469 | 73·6 | 1337 | 67·0 | 1225 | 61·4 | 1169 | 58·6 | < 0·001 |
| Current smoker† | 843 | 10·6 | 379 | 19·0 | 231 | 11·6 | 134 | 6·7 | 99 | 5·0 | < 0·001 |
| MVPA† | 3596 | 45·0 | 866 | 43·4 | 917 | 45·9 | 908 | 45·5 | 905 | 45·3 | 0·376 |
| Living alone† | 920 | 11·5 | 198 | 9·9 | 199 | 10·0 | 245 | 12·3 | 278 | 13·9 | < 0·001 |
| HSES† | 2747 | 34·4 | 584 | 29·3 | 628 | 31·5 | 716 | 35·9 | 819 | 41·0 | < 0·001 |
| Education ≥ 13 years† | 1738 | 21·8 | 392 | 19·6 | 431 | 21·6 | 453 | 22·7 | 462 | 23·2 | < 0·001 |
| Denture use† | 4891 | 61·3 | 1282 | 64·2 | 1250 | 62·6 | 1175 | 58·9 | 1184 | 59·3 | < 0·001 |
| Poor mastication† | 2521 | 31·6 | 737 | 36·9 | 673 | 33·7 | 605 | 30·3 | 506 | 25·4 | < 0·001 |
| Dry mouth† | 2238 | 28·0 | 562 | 28·2 | 600 | 30·1 | 550 | 27·6 | 526 | 26·4 | 0·069 |
| Choking accidents† | 1654 | 20·7 | 437 | 21·9 | 441 | 22·1 | 383 | 19·2 | 393 | 19·7 | 0·044 |
| Regular dental check-up† | 3038 | 38·1 | 651 | 32·6 | 683 | 34·2 | 831 | 41·6 | 873 | 43·7 | < 0·001 |
| Daily tooth brushing† | 7376 | 92·4 | 1750 | 87·7 | 1850 | 92·7 | 1876 | 94·0 | 1900 | 95·2 | < 0·001 |
| No medication† | 1805 | 22·6 | 468 | 23·5 | 487 | 24·4 | 424 | 21·2 | 426 | 21·3 | < 0·001 |
| Hypertension† | 3006 | 37·7 | 732 | 36·7 | 761 | 38·1 | 763 | 38·2 | 750 | 37·6 | 0·731 |
| Stroke† | 273 | 3·4 | 76 | 3·8 | 88 | 4·4 | 61 | 3·1 | 48 | 2·4 | 0·003 |
| Heart disease† | 945 | 11·8 | 259 | 13·0 | 254 | 12·7 | 195 | 9·8 | 237 | 11·9 | 0·006 |
| Diabetes† | 796 | 10·0 | 205 | 10·3 | 211 | 10·6 | 193 | 9·7 | 187 | 9·4 | 0·570 |
| Dyslipidaemia† | 763 | 9·6 | 123 | 6·2 | 165 | 8·3 | 203 | 10·2 | 272 | 13·6 | 0·016 |
Multiple imputations were performed for participants with missing data, and missing variables were imputed: BMI (n 39; 0·5 %), alcohol status (n 305; 3·8 %), smoking status (n 358; 4·5 %), physical activity (n 543; 6·8 %), family structure (n 618; 7·7 %), socio-economic status (n 382; 4·8 %), educational attainment (n 926; 11·6 %), denture use (n 217; 2·7 %), poor mastication (n 197; 2·5 %), dry mouth (n 266; 3·3 %), choking accidents (n 181; 2·3 %), regular dental check-up (n 332; 4·2 %), daily tooth brushing (n 214; 2·7 %) and medications (n 632; 7·9 %). Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4 include the Japanese Food Guide Spinning Top scores of < 49·3, 49·3–54·8, 54·9–60·1 and ≥ 60·2, respectively. PD, population density; MVPA, moderate to vigorous physical activity; HSES, high socio-economic status; .
Continuous variables are expressed as mean with standard deviation and were analyzed using variance analysis.
Categorical values are shown as numbers (percentage) and were analyzed using the Chi-square test. MVPA refers to those who had MVPA exercise habits from a questionnaire. Have you choked on your tea or soup recently? If a participant responded ‘Yes’ to this question, this was defined as ‘choking accidents’.