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. 2022 Aug 1;20:348. doi: 10.1186/s12951-022-01550-2

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — Fullerenol improved hippocampus-dependent spatial learning and memory. A, B The number of crossing squares and rearing in open field test indicated that exploratory activity of rats were normal. C–F The performances of rats in Morris water maze, including latency to the correct platform during training period, time-spent in the correct area, latency to the correct area and velocity, indicated that fullerenol improved the learning and memory. Two-way ANOVA with Tukey-test post hoc analysis was used in the training period of the Morris Water Maze. One-way ANOVA with Tukey-test post hoc analysis was for all other studies. ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 compared with the control group. ^## p < 0.01, ^### p < 0.001 compared with the lead-exposed group. N.S. not significant