Table 3.

Facilitators and Barriers to Immediate Postpartum Contraceptive Implantation Using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research

CFIR Domain	Barriers	Facilitators
Intervention
Characteristics
● Evidence Strength and Quality  ● Relative Advantage  ● Cost	● Lacking funding for a training course	● Strong evidence of safety and efficacy ● More advantages when compared to delayed insertion
Outer setting
● Patient Needs and Resources  ● Cosmopolitanism  ● External Policies and Incentives	● Policy does not support non-teenagers ● Disconnect among organizations	● Teenagers received contraceptive implants free of charge ● Other organizations were able to provide support ● Reimbursement policy and laws that promote autonomy
Inner setting
● Organizational Incentives & Rewards (Implementation Climate sub-construct) ● Available Resources (Readiness for Implementation sub-construct) ● Access to Knowledge & Information (Readiness for Implementation sub-construct)	● Time constraints of providers and limits to device availability ● Lack of a training course	● Setting key performance indicator (KPI)
Characteristics of Individuals
● Knowledge and Beliefs about the intervention  ● Self-efficacy	● Fear of pain during insertion and side effects of contraceptive implants ● Misbelief regarding timing of discontinuation ● Providers’ lack of insertion and counselling ability.	● Receiving positive information from mother, friends, or providers
Process
● Champion (Engaging sub-construct)  ● External Change Agents (Engaging sub-construct)  ● Innovation Participants	● Teachers’ negative attitudes towards sex education	● The family planning unit nurse was referred to as a champion. ● Village health volunteers (VHVs) provide information ● ANC counselling ● Multimedia intervention such as video clips

Abbreviation: ANC, antenatal care.