Table 1.
Characteristics of participants and distribution of frailty (n, %).
| Characteristics | N (%) | Frail status | χ2 | P- value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Robust | Pre-frail | Frail | ||||
| Total | 10,209 (100.00) | 4,360 (42.71) | 4,970 (48.68) | 879 (8.61) | ||
| Age (years) | 218.232 | <0.001 | ||||
| 65~ | 3,525 (34.53) | 1,685 (47.80) | 1,642 (46.58) | 198 (5.62) | ||
| 70~ | 3,110 (30.46) | 1,400 (45.02) | 1,492 (47.97) | 218 (7.0) | ||
| 75~ | 2,095 (20.52) | 798 (38.09) | 1,068 (50.98) | 229 (10.93) | ||
| 80~ | 1,479 (14.49) | 477 (32.25) | 768 (51.93) | 234 (15.82) | ||
| Gender | 59.727 | <0.001 | ||||
| Male | 4,800 (47.02) | 2,223 (46.31) | 2,241 (46.69) | 336 (7.00) | ||
| Female | 5,409 (52.98) | 2,137 (39.51) | 2,729 (50.45) | 543 (10.04) | ||
| Education level | 99.363 | <0.001 | ||||
| Under primary school | 4,790 (46.92) | 1,776 (37.08) | 2,474 (51.65) | 540 (11.27) | ||
| Primary school | 3,201 (31.35) | 1,534 (47.92) | 1,459 (45.58) | 208 (6.50) | ||
| Junior high school | 1,568 (15.36) | 753 (48.02) | 735 (46.88) | 80 (5.10) | ||
| Senior high school and above | 650 (6.37) | 297 (45.69) | 302 (46.46) | 51 (7.85) | ||
| Marital status | 97.189 | <0.001 | ||||
| Unmarried | 2,238 (21.92) | 814 (36.37) | 1,129 (50.45) | 295 (13.18) | ||
| Married | 7,971 (78.08) | 3,546 (44.49) | 3,841 (48.19) | 584 (7.33) | ||
| Self-rated health | 793.403 | <0.001 | ||||
| Excellent | 1,234 (12.09) | 587 (47.57) | 590 (47.81) | 57 (4.62) | ||
| Good | 4,156 (40.71) | 2,294 (55.20) | 1,741 (41.89) | 121 (2.91) | ||
| General | 3,974 (38.93) | 1,341 (33.74) | 2,205 (55.49) | 428 (10.77) | ||
| Poor | 845 (8.28) | 138 (16.33) | 434 (51.36) | 273 (32.31) | ||
| Smoking | 45.693 | <0.001 | ||||
| Never | 7,811 (76.51) | 3,190 (40.84) | 3,904 (49.98) | 717 (9.18) | ||
| Former | 633 (6.20) | 307 (48.50) | 268 (42.34) | 58 (9.16) | ||
| Current | 1,765 (17.29) | 863 (48.90) | 798 (45.21) | 104 (5.89) | ||
| Drinking | 45.693 | <0.001 | ||||
| No | 8,793 (86.13) | 3,610 (41.06) | 4,367 (49.66) | 816 (9.28) | ||
| Yes | 1,416 (13.87) | 750 (52.97) | 603 (42.58) | 63 (4.45) | ||
| Vegetable intake | 281.170 | <0.001 | ||||
| Not enough | 5,245 (51.38) | 1,851 (35.29) | 2,781 (53.02) | 613 (11.69) | ||
| Enough | 4,964 (48.62) | 2,509 (50.54) | 2,189 (44.10) | 266 (5.36) | ||
| Fruit intake | 166.846 | <0.001 | ||||
| Not enough | 7,981 (78.18) | 3,159 (39.58) | 4,033 (50.53) | 789 (9.89) | ||
| Enough | 2,228 (21.82) | 1,201 (53.90) | 937 (42.06) | 90 (4.04) | ||
| Physical activity | 393.396 | <0.001 | ||||
| Irregular | 6,014 (58.91) | 2,118 (35.22) | 3,189 (53.03) | 707 (11.76) | ||
| Regular | 4,195 (41.09) | 2,242 (53.44) | 1,781 (42.46) | 172 (4.10) | ||