Table 3.

Multinomial logistic regression analyses of risk factors associated with frailty.

Variable	Model 1				Model 2
	Pre-frail		Frail		Pre-frail		Frail
	OR (95% Cl)	P-value	OR (95% Cl)	P-value	OR (95% Cl)	P-value	OR (95% Cl)	P-value
Tenacity
First quartile	1		1		1		1
Second quartile	0.94 (0.81–1.10)	0.440	0.70 (0.56–0.89)	0.003	0.93 (0.80–1.09)	0.385	0.77 (0.60–0.99)	0.044
Third quartile	1.01 (0.84–1.21)	0.915	0.67 (0.48–0.93)	0.016	1.02 (0.84–1.23)	0.857	0.81 (0.57–1.15)	0.234
Fourth quartile	1.15 (0.92–1.44)	0.208	0.55 (0.35–0.87)	0.010	1.26 (1.01–1.59)	0.045	0.82 (0.50–1.33)	0.412
Strength
First quartile	1		1		1		1
Second quartile	0.55 (0.47–0.64)	<0.001	0.30 (0.23–0.39)	<0.001	0.67 (0.57–0.78)	<0.001	0.44 (0.33–0.58)	<0.001
Third quartile	0.48 (0.40–0.57)	<0.001	0.28 (0.20–0.38)	<0.001	0.60 (0.50–0.72)	<0.001	0.42 (0.30–0.59)	<0.001
Fourth quartile	0.44 (0.36–0.56)	<0.001	0.20 (0.12–0.31)	<0.001	0.58 (0.46–0.73)	<0.001	0.34 (0.20–0.56)	<0.001
Optimism
First quartile	1		1		1		1
Second quartile	0.75 (0.66–0.84)	<0.001	0.75 (0.61–0.93)	0.008	0.77 (0.68–0.87)	<0.001	0.85 (0.68–1.07)	0.167
Third quartile	0.79 (0.68–0.92)	0.003	0.72 (0.53–0.96)	0.026	0.87 (0.74–1.01)	0.072	0.92 (0.67–1.25)	0.581
Fourth quartile	0.80 (0.67–0.95)	0.010	0.79 (0.55–1.14)	0.205	0.86 (0.72–1.03)	0.110	0.98 (0.67–1.44)	0.907

The covariates controlled by model 2 include: age, gender, education level, marital status, self-rated health, smoking, drinking, vegetable intake, fruit intake, and physical activity.