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. 2022 Aug 1;5:773. doi: 10.1038/s42003-022-03688-z

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — ICR mice were immunized with CSP, Pfs230D1+ or bivalent antigens with CoPoP liposomes or alum on day 0 and day 21, final bleeding were collected on day 42. a Anti CSP ELISA units (EU) and (b) Anti Pfs230D1+ EU. ELISA experiments were performed with n = 10 mice. For A and B, bars represent geometric mean, and one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey test using log-transformed data were used to compared difference among CSP/CP, CSP/230/CP, CSP/Alum and CSP/230D1/Alum for a and 230/CP, CSP/230/CP, 230/Alum and CSP/230/Alum for b^{. ****}p < 0.0001, ^***p < 0.001, ^**p < 0.005. c Standard membrane feeding assay (SMFA) results of purified IgGs tested at 750 μg/ml with complement. %TRA and the 95% confidence interval (95% CI) are shown. d Immunofluorescence assay of fixed NF54 parasites at sporozoite and gametocyte stages. Bar: 10 µm. Image was taken from a single experiment. Red symbols or outlines indicate bivalent, liposome-displayed CSP/230.