Table 4.

Summary of Studies on the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on CVD In-Hospital or After-Hospital Mortality

Study Setting	Number of Pandemic Months Included	Comparison	Outcome Measure	Outcome	Effect
Lithuania, 2 hospitals25	2	March to April 2019/2020	6-month adverse CVD events following CVD admission	13.6% vs 30.8%	Increase
England23	1	May 2019/2020	Adjusted probability of in-hospital mortality following OHCA admission	35.8% vs 29.8%	Increase
Germany18	10	March to December 2019/2020	Odds ratio for in-hospital mortality in CVD cases	1.10	Increase
Germany27	2	March to April 2019/2020	In-hospital mortality among heart failure admissions	5.5% vs 7%	Increase
Styria, Austria22	1	March to April 2016 to 2019/2021	Odds ratio for in-hospital mortality following myocardial infarction	1.8	Increase
China29	3	January vs February 2020	Odds ratio for in-hospital mortality following STEMI	1.21	Increase
United States, 13 hospitals in New York30	3	March to May 2019 vs 2020	Inpatient cardiovascular mortality	111.1%	Increase
Japan17	5	April 2018 to February 2020/March to July 2020	In-hospital heart failure mortality	No difference	No change
United States, 2 health systems in 6 western states26	3	March to April/April to June 2020	Risk-adjusted in-hospital mortality for patients undergoing PCI, CABG, TAVR, or SAVR	No difference	No change
United States, Boston health system6	1	January to March 2019/2020	In-hospital mortality among acute CVD admissions	6.2% vs 4.4% P = 0.30	No change
England15	2	January 2017 to 2019/March to April 2020	Odds ratio for in-hospital deaths among patients undergoing PCI	0.87	No change
England15	1	January 2017 to 2019/March to April 2020	Odds ratio for in-hospital MACE among patients undergoing PCI	0.71	No change
England16	9	January 2017 to 2019/March to November 2020	Isolated SAVR 30-day adjusted mortality HR	1.02	No change
England16	9	January 2017 to 2019/March to November 2020	SAVR + CABG 30-day adjusted mortality HR	1.41	No change
England16	9	January 2017 to 2019/March to November 2020	SAVR + other surgery 30-day adjusted mortality HR	0.94	No change
England16	9	January 2017 to 2019/March to November 2020	TAVR 30-day adjusted mortality HR	0.86	No change
Denmark28	10	January to October 2019/2020	Adjusted incident rate ratio for inpatient mortality among citizens with CVD	0.92	Decrease

Effect column describes the result of the outcome reported for each study, with increase shaded red, no change shaded yellow, and decrease shaded green.

CABG = coronary artery bypass graft; MACE = major adverse cardiac event; other abbreviations as in Tables 2 and 3.