Table 2.
The influence of personal and work-related predictors on involuntary exit from paid employment in the development cohort (Lifelines, n = 55 950) and validation cohort (STREAM, n = 10 093)
| Lifelines—development cohort |
STREAM—validation cohort |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unemployment (n = 4628) C = 0.62 (0.61–0.63) | Disability benefits (n = 954) C = 0.68 (0.66–0.70) | Unemployment (n = 1435) C = 0.60 (0.58–0.62) | Disability benefits (n = 449) C = 0.75 (0.73–0.77) | |
| R 2 = 0.02 | R 2 = 0.02 | R 2 = 0.02 | R 2 = 0.06 | |
| HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | |
| Sociodemographic factors | ||||
| Age (per 10 years) | 1.04 (1.01–1.08) | 0.80 (0.75–0.86) | 1.50 (1.34–1.68) | 1.56 (1.27–1.93) |
| Gender | 1.21 (1.14–1.29) | 1.74 (1.50–2.02) | 1.07 (0.96–1.19) | 1.28 (1.05–1.55) |
| Marital status (in a relationship) | 0.74 (0.68–0.80) | 0.84 (0.71–1.01) | 0.95 (0.97–1.25) | 0.92 (0.75–1.15) |
| Educational level (high = ref) | ||||
| Intermediate | 1.03 (0.96–1.11) | 1.24 (1.06 1.46) | 1.10 (0.97–1.25) | 1.41 (1.11–1.80) |
| Low | 1.29 (1.19–1.41) | 1.73 (1.43–2.10) | 1.14 (1.00–1.32) | 1.58 (1.22–2.04) |
| Chronic disease | ||||
| CVD | 2.64 (1.74–4.00) | 1.59 (1.22–2.06) | ||
| COPD | 1.43 (1.07–1.90) | 1.80 (1.39–2.34) | ||
| Depression | 1.43 (1.22–1.67) | 2.51 (1.94–3.25) | 1.51 (1.20–1.89) | 3.20 (2.43–4.22) |
| Diabetes | 1.89 (1.34–2.68) | 1.20 (0.86–1.66) | ||
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 3.05 (2.26–4.11) | 2.54 (2.09–3.08) | ||
| Health behaviours | ||||
| Physical activity (0–7 days) | 0.98 (0.96–0.99) | 0.97 (0.95–1.00) | ||
| Smoking | 1.26 (1.17–1.35) | 1.35 (1.16–1.57) | 1.32 (1.17–1.49) | 1.50 (1.22–1.84) |
| Fruit intake (high = ref) | ||||
| Intermediate | n/a | n/a | ||
| Low | n/a | n/a | ||
| Vegetable intake (high = ref) | ||||
| Intermediate | n/a | n/a | ||
| Low | n/a | n/a | ||
| BMI (healthy weight = ref) | ||||
| Overweight | 1.01 (0.95–1.08) | 0.96 (0.83–1.11) | 1.06 (0.94–1.20) | 1.09 (0.87–1.37) |
| Obese | 1.21 (1.11–1.32) | 1.39 (1.16–1.66) | 1.14 (0.99–1.32) | 1.35 (1.04–1.75) |
| Working conditions | ||||
| Quantitative demands | ||||
| Work pace | ||||
| Possibilities for development | 1.06 (1.04–1.09) | 1.07 (1.02–1.13) | 1.02 (0.97–1.07) | 1.03 (0.95–1.12) |
| Meaning of work | 1.12 (1.09–1.14) | 1.03 (1.00–1.05) | ||
| Influence at work | 1.04 (1.00–1.09) | 1.09 (1.02–1.16) | ||
| Social support | 1.11 (1.09–1.14) | 1.07 (1.02–1.12) | 1.11 (1.08–1.15) | 1.04 (0.98–1.11) |
Notes: n reflects number of workers who exit paid employment through this route; higher scores reflect poorer working conditions.
n/a indicates that this measure was not available in STREAM; STREAM included the following chronic diseases: heart disease, respiratory disease, psychological disease, diabetes and musculoskeletal disease; HR, hazard ratio.