Table 1.

N/P Complications, Outcomes and Sequelae are Reported as N and P Damage and Dysfunctions

Neurological and Psychiatric Manifestations in COVID-19 and Long Covid
Determinants	Underlying Factors			Contributing Factors
	Pathology	Outcome	Sequelae
The host immunity	Direct cytopathic effects of SARS-CoV-2	Neurological damage and dysfunctions	Neurological manifestations and sequelae	Pathology		Neurological Manifestations
				Neuroinflammation		Hyposmia, Hypogeusia, Headache, Dizziness, Diplopia, Ophthalmoplegia, Delirium, Polyneuritis cranialis, Ataxia, Guillain-Barré syndrome, Encephalitis, Hypoxic encephalopathy, Ischemic stroke, Acute necrotizing, Encephalopathy
Expression of ACE2 and other receptors	Systemic inflammation and cytokine storm			Dysregulated RAAS
Agent factors: mutations and variants	Endothelitis and vasculopathy			Hypoxaemic injury
Other factors: pre-existing disorders, involvement of other organs, iatrogenic factors	Coagulopathy and thrombosis			Coagulopathy and thrombosis
	Exacerbation of underlying disease			Viral invasion through the neurotropic pathway	Neural (olfactory bulb)
					Paracellular (circulation)
					Retrograde (vagus)